UOLLB First Class Law Notes
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LLB Modules
LLB stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin or Bachelor of Laws in English. It is an undergraduate law degree that typically requires two to four years to complete. The LLB modules you will study vary depending on the specific university and programme...
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uollb first class law notes
Public Law
Public Law deals with the legal principles and rules governing the relationship between the state and individuals or other entities. It encompasses the areas of law that regulate the exercise of public power, the functioning of government institution...
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uollb first class law notes
Property Law
Property Law is a branch of law that deals with the various legal rights and interests associated with real and personal property. It encompasses the rules and regulations governing the ownership, use, transfer, and protection of property, providing ...
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uollb first class law notes
Criminal Law
Criminal Law is a branch of law that deals with offences committed against society or the state, resulting in harm to individuals or society as a whole. It encompasses a wide range of topics, each of which plays a crucial role in understanding and ap...
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uollb first class law notes
Commercial Law
Commercial Law is a branch of law that governs legal relationships and transactions in the business context. It covers various aspects of business operations, including the buying and selling of goods and services, agency relationships, credit and se...
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uollb first class law notes
Family Law
Family Law is a legal area that deals with matters related to family relationships, including marriage, divorce, child custody, adoption, and domestic violence. It governs the rights and responsibilities of individuals within a family unit and aims t...
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uollb first class law notes
Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
Jurisprudence and Legal Theory explores the fundamental principles, concepts, and theories that underlie the law. It delves into the theoretical underpinnings of law and provides critical analysis and interpretations of legal principles and practices...
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uollb first class law notes
EU Law
EU Law refers to the legal system and regulations governing the member states of the European Union (EU). It is a complex body of law that encompasses various areas of governance and policies within the EU. Here are the topics you will learn in this ...
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uollb first class law notes
Company Law
Company Law is a branch of corporate law that deals with the legal framework and regulations governing the formation, operation, and dissolution of companies. It governs the rights, obligations, and relationships of various stakeholders within a comp...
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uollb first class law notes
Legal System and Method
Legal System and Method is a module that focuses on the study of the structure, principles, and processes of the English legal system. It provides a foundation for understanding how law operates and how legal issues are resolved. It also explains how...
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uollb first class law notes
Evidence
Evidence is a branch of law that governs the rules and principles regarding the admissibility, presentation, and evaluation of evidence in legal proceedings. It establishes the standards for what can be considered as proof in court and ensures fairne...
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uollb first class law notes
Equity and Trusts
Equity and Trusts is a branch of law that deals with the principles and rules governing the concepts of equity and trusts. Equity refers to a body of legal principles that developed alongside the common law to provide remedies in situations where the...
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Administrative Law
Administrative Law is a branch of law that deals with the legal principles and rules governing the actions and decisions of administrative agencies, public authorities, and other government bodies. It regulates the relationship between the government...
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uollb first class law notes
English Legal System
English Legal System refers to the system of law and courts that operates in England and Wales. It is based on the common law tradition, constitutional principles, and various sources of law. This module provides an overview of the English legal syst...
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uollb first class law notes
Wills and Administration of Estates
Wills and Administration of Estates is a module that focuses on the legal principles and procedures surrounding wills, the distribution of assets upon death, and the administration of estates. It covers various topics related to the creation, validit...
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Case Law

R v Allen 1985 | Criminal Law
R v Allen (1985) AC 1029 is a notable case decided by the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. The case involved the interpretation of the offence of making off without payment under the Theft Act 1968.In this case, Allen stayed at a hotel for nearl...
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uollb first class law notes
Collins v Wilcock 1984 | Criminal Law
Collins v Wilcock (1984) 3 All ER 374 is an appellate case that concerns trespass to the person. Specifically, the court considered the definition of battery and the circumstances in which an individual's actions could be considered unlawful tou...
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Addie v Dumbreck 1929 | Tort Law
Addie v Dumbreck 1929 | Tort Law
In Addie v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358, the House of Lords considered the liability of a landowner for the death of a child trespasser. It established that a landowner has no duty of care to trespassers as long as he does not intentionally or maliciously ...
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British Railways Board v Herrington 1972 | Tort Law
British Railways Board v Herrington 1972 | Tort Law
In British Railways Board v Herrington (1972) AC 877, the House of Lords departed from the previous decision in Addie v Dumbreck and held that the defendant railway company owed a duty of care to trespassers, specifically to a six-year-old boy who su...
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Carltona v Commissioners of Works 1943 | Public Law
Carltona v Commissioners of Works 1943 | Public Law
Carltona v Commissioners of Works (1943) 2 All ER 560 was a landmark case in English administrative law during the Second World War. The case concerned the power of government officials to delegate their statutory functions to other officials.The Eme...
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MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 | Constitutional Law
MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 | Constitutional Law
MacCormick v Lord Advocate (1953) SC 396 was a Scottish constitutional law case concerning the use of the numeral "II" by Queen Elizabeth II in Scotland.John MacCormick and Ian Hamilton filed a legal action challenging the use of the numeral "II" by ...
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R v Dytham 1979 | Criminal Law
R v Dytham 1979 | Criminal Law
R v Dytham [1979] QB 722 is a landmark case in English criminal law that dealt with the duty of a police officer to intervene in a criminal act. In this case, a police officer named Dytham was convicted of the common law offence of misconduct in publ...
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R v Pagett 1983 | Criminal Law
R v Pagett 1983 | Criminal Law
R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 is a UK criminal law case that deals with the issue of causation in criminal law.In this case, Pagett who was under siege from armed police had taken his pregnant girlfriend hostage and was using her as a shield to a...
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R v Stone and Dobinson 1977 | Criminal Law
R v Stone and Dobinson 1977 | Criminal Law
R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] 1 QB 354 is a well-known case in English criminal law. The case involved the prosecution of a couple, Stone and Dobinson, for the manslaughter of Stone's sister, Fanny.Fanny had come to live with the couple in a house in...
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R v Adomako 1994 | Criminal Law
R v Adomako 1994 | Criminal Law
R v Adomako [1994] UKHL 6 is a landmark case in English criminal law that established the legal test for gross negligence manslaughter. The case involved an anaesthetist named Dr Adomako who was responsible for monitoring the patient's vital sig...
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Smith v Leech Brain (1962) | Tort Law
Smith v Leech Brain (1962) | Tort Law
Smith v Leech Brain & Co [1962] 2 QB 405 is a landmark case in English tort law that concerns the issue of causation in the context of damages for personal injury. The case established the eggshell skull or thin skull rule, which states that a de...
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R v Blaue (1975) | Criminal Law
R v Blaue (1975) | Criminal Law
R v Blaue (1975) 61 Cr App R 271 is a leading case in English criminal law that deals with the issue of causation in cases of manslaughter, specifically in relation to the defence of provocation.In this case, the defendant, Blaue, stabbed a woman mul...
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R v Hayward (1908) | Criminal Law
R v Hayward (1908) | Criminal Law
R v Hayward (1908) 21 Cox CC 692 is a leading case on the issue of causation in the context of unlawful act manslaughter.In this case, the defendant's unlawful act of threatening his wife with violence caused her to be frightened, which combined with...
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Entick v Carrington 1765 | Constitutional Law
Entick v Carrington 1765 | Constitutional Law
Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98 was a landmark legal case that took place in England in 1765. It was a case that dealt with the issue of the power of the government to conduct searches and seizures without a warrant. The case arose when John E...
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Young v Bristol Aeroplane 1944 | English Legal System
Young v Bristol Aeroplane 1944 | English Legal System
In Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd (1944) KB 718 CA, the Court of Appeal established that it is generally bound to follow its own decisions and those of courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction, except in the following three situations:The court can decid...
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A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004 | Public Law
A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004 | Public Law
A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 is a landmark case decided by the House of Lords in 2004. The case involved a group of foreign nationals who had been detained indefinitely in HM Prison Belmarsh under the Anti-...
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A and Others v United Kingdom 2009 | Public Law
A and Others v United Kingdom 2009 | Public Law
Commonly referred to as the Belmarsh case, A and Others v the United Kingdom is a landmark case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 2009. The case involved a group of individuals who were arrested and detained in HM Prison Belmarsh by th...
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Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 1984 | EU Law
Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 1984 | EU Law
Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (1984) Case 14/83 was a landmark case decided by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1984. The case established the principle of indirect effect of EU law.The case involved German social workers Sabine Von Col...
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Costa v ENEL 1964 | EU Law
Costa v ENEL 1964 | EU Law
Flaminio Costa v ENEL, also known as Case 6/64, was a landmark ruling by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1964. It established the principle of the supremacy of EU law over national law in EU member states.In the case, Flaminio Costa, an Italia...
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Ivey v Genting Casinos 2017 | Criminal Law
Ivey v Genting Casinos 2017 | Criminal Law
Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67 is a landmark case in English contract law and gambling law that addressed the concept of dishonesty in the context of cheating at gambling.The case involved a professional gambler, Mr Ive...
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R v Ghosh 1982 | Criminal Law
R v Ghosh 1982 | Criminal Law
R v Ghosh [1982] EWCA Crim 2 is a landmark case in English criminal law that established a two-limb test for assessing dishonesty in cases of theft and other dishonest offences.The case involved an NHS surgeon, Dr Ghosh, who had fraudulently claimed ...
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Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire 1987 | Tort Law
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire 1987 | Tort Law
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1987] UKHL 12, [1989] AC 53 was a significant case in English tort law that established the concept of a duty of care in relation to the police's duty to protect the public from harm caused by third parties.T...
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Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police 2018 | Tort Law
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police 2018 | Tort Law
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2018] UKSC 4 is a landmark case in English tort law that deals with the issue of whether a duty of care exists in situations involving the police and members of the public.The case involved an elde...
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Barrett v London Borough of Enfield 1999 | Tort Law
Barrett v London Borough of Enfield 1999 | Tort Law
Barrett v London Borough of Enfield [1999] UKHL 2 is a landmark case in English law that dealt with the issue of local authority liability for the care of children in their care. The case involved a man who had spent his childhood in foster care and ...
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Murphy v Brentwood District Council 1991 | Tort Loss
Murphy v Brentwood District Council 1991 | Tort Loss
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2, [1991] 1 AC 398 was a judicial decision of the House of Lords in relation to recovery for pure economic loss in tort. The court overruled the decision Anns v Merton London Borough Council with respec...
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Legal Blog

Theft under Theft Act 1968
Theft is a criminal offence that involves the dishonest appropriation of another person's property without their consent, with the intention to permanently deprive them of it. Sections 1–7 of the Theft Act 1968 set out the legal framework of thi...
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Robbery under Theft Act 1968
Robbery is a criminal offence that involves the act of taking someone else's property or belongings by force or threat of force. It is considered a more serious offence than theft alone because it involves a direct confrontation or intimidation ...
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Theft Act 1968
The Theft Act 1968 defines and governs various offences related to theft and dishonesty in England and Wales. It provides a legal framework for prosecuting and addressing crimes involving theft, robbery, burglary, handling stolen goods, fraud, and re...
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Fraud Act 2006
The Fraud Act 2006 specifically addresses the offence of fraud in England and Wales. It repeals Section 15 of the Theft Act 1968 and provides an updated legal framework for defining and prosecuting fraudulent activities. Here is an overview of the ke...
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Burglary under Theft Act 1968
Burglary is a criminal offence that involves unlawfully entering a building or premises with the intention of committing a crime inside. Sections 9 and 10 of the Theft Act 1968 set out the legal framework of this offence, including its definition and...
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100 Career Paths for LLB Graduates to Pursue
Your LLB will open a lot of doors for your career development beyond your imagination. Here are 100 career paths you may pursue with a law degree: 1. Legal Practice: You can choose to become solicitors or barristers and practice law. You can work in ...
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What Is Case Management?
Case management refers to the process of managing and overseeing legal cases to ensure their efficient and effective progression through the legal system. It involves organising and coordinating various aspects of the case, including procedural matte...
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Crown Prosecution Service
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is the principal prosecuting authority in England and Wales. Here are some key points about the CPS: Role: The CPS is responsible for prosecuting criminal cases on behalf of the state. Its primary role is to review...
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What Is Case Management Hearing?
A case management hearing is a procedural step in legal proceedings, including criminal trials, where the court manages and organises the case to ensure it progresses efficiently and effectively. Here are some key points about case management hearing...
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Trial on Indictment: Procedure, Conviction, Sentencing, and Appeal
In England and Wales, a trial on indictment refers to a trial that takes place in the Crown Court for an indictable offence which is a more serious criminal offence than a summary offence. Here are some key points about trials on indictment:Natu...
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Summary Trial: Procedure, Conviction, Sentencing, and Appeal
In England and Wales, a summary trial refers to a trial that takes place in the Magistrates' Court for summary offences. Here are some key points about summary trials: Nature of Offences: Summary offences are less serious criminal offences that are c...
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Magistrates' Court in England and Wales
In England and Wales, the Magistrates' Court is a lower court within the criminal justice system. It primarily deals with less serious criminal cases, including summary offences and some types of either-way offences. Here are some key points about th...
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Crown Court in England and Wales
In England and Wales, the Crown Court is a higher court within the criminal justice system. It deals with more serious criminal cases, including indictable offences (the most serious offences) and certain types of either-way offences. Here are some k...
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Classification of Offences in England and Wales
In England and Wales, the criminal law distinguishes between three main categories of offences: summary offences, either way offences, and indictable offences. Summary Offence Summary offences are considered less serious criminal offences.They are tr...
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What Is Either-Way Offence in England and Wales?
In England and Wales, an either-way offence, also known as a hybrid offence, dual offence, Crown option offence, dual procedure offence, offence triable either way, or wobbler, refers to a criminal offence that can be tried in either the Magistrates'...
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What Is Indictable Offence in England and Wales?
In England and Wales, an indictable offence, also known as a indictable-only offence or an offence triable only on indictment, refers to a more serious criminal offence that can only be tried in the Crown Court. Indictable offences are typically more...
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What Is Summary Offence in England and Wales?
In England and Wales, a summary offence, also known as a summary-only offence, a summary conviction offence or petty offence, refers to a type of criminal offence that is considered less serious and is typically dealt with in the Magistrates' Court. ...
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Fraud in Fraud Act 2006
Fraud is a criminal offence that involves deceptive or dishonest behaviour intended to deceive another person or entity for personal gain or to cause them harm. The Fraud Act 2006 consolidated and updated previous legislation related to fraud offence...
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Criminal Damage in Criminal Damage Act 1971
Criminal damage refers to the intentional or reckless act of destroying or damaging property that belongs to another person without lawful excuse. The Criminal Damage Act 1971 sets out the legal framework of this offence, including its definition and...
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What Is Count in Criminal Litigation?
In criminal litigation, a count refers to a specific charge or allegation brought against a defendant in an indictment or information. In common law jurisdictions like the United Kingdom and the United States, criminal charges are typically divided i...
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Making off without Payment under Theft Act 1978
Making off without payment is a criminal offence involving intentionally leaving a place where goods or services are provided, without paying for those services with the intent to avoid payment. Sections 3 and 4 of the Theft Act 1978 provides the leg...
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Handling Stolen Goods under Theft Act 1968
Handling stolen goods is an offence that involves dealing with or possessing goods that an individual knows or believes to be stolen. Section 22 of the Theft Act 1968 provides the legal framework for prosecuting individuals who handle or receive good...
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What Are Mitigating Factors for Sentencing?
Mitigating factors in sentencing are circumstances or elements of an offence that may reduce the culpability of the offender or lessen the severity of the sentence. These factors are considered by the court to provide a more nuanced understanding of ...
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What Are Aggravating Factors for Sentencing?
Aggravating factors in sentencing are circumstances or elements of an offence that make it more serious or deserving of a harsher sentence. These factors are considered by the court to increase the culpability of the offender or the harm caused by th...
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Blackmail under Theft Act 1968
Blackmail is a specific offence that involves making an unwarranted demand with menaces, intending to make a gain for oneself or cause a loss to another. Section 21 of the Theft Act 1968 provides the legal framework of blackmail, including its defini...
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Bar Exams

uollb first class law notes
Eligibility of Foreign Law Degree for New York Bar Exam
Foreign law graduates may be eligible to take the New York Bar Exam directly based on their foreign legal qualification. The specific requirements for foreign-educated applicants are outlined in Section 520.6 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals in N...
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Eligibility of Foreign Qualification for US Bar Exam
Eligibility of Foreign Qualification for US Bar Exam
Foreign law graduates who wish to take the US bar exam must meet certain eligibility and requirements in order to be admitted to practice law in the United States. Here are the general requirements: Eligibility: The eligibility requirements for forei...
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US Bar Exam
US Bar Exam
The US bar exam is a standardised test that is administered to law school graduates who wish to practice law in the United States. The exam is typically administered over two days and consists of both multiple-choice and essay questions. The purpose ...
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California Bar Exam
California Bar Exam
The California Bar Exam is a test that individuals must pass in order to become licensed to practise law in the state of California. The exam is administered by the State Bar of California and consists of both a written portion and a multiple-choice ...
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All India Bar Examination (AIBE) Syllabus 2023
All India Bar Exam (AIBE) Syllabus 2023
The All India Bar Exam (AIBE) is a national level exam conducted by the Bar Council of India (BCI) for candidates who have completed their law degrees and wish to practice law in India. The AIBE consists of 100 multiple-choice questions testing ...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Pakistan?
How to Become a Lawyer in Pakistan?
Becoming a lawyer in Pakistan requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training and passing the bar exam. The process of becoming a lawyer in Pakistan typically takes several years to complete, and you will need to follow these sp...
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All India Bar Examination AIBE
All India Bar Exam
The All India Bar Exam (AIBE) is a national-level examination that is conducted by the Bar Council of India (BCI) to assess the knowledge and skills of law graduates who want to practice law in India. The AIBE is mandatory for all law graduates who w...
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How to Become a Lawyer in India?
How to Become a Lawyer in India?
Becoming a lawyer in India requires a combination of academic qualifications and passing the bar exam. The process of becoming a lawyer typically takes several years to complete, and you will need to follow these specific steps: Complete secondary ed...
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How to Become a Lawyer in California?
How to Become a Lawyer in California?
California is one of the most popular destinations for foreign and domestic lawyers to practise law there. Each years, over 16,000 candidates sit the California Bar Exam, but sadly it is one of the hardest bar exams with one of the lowest pass rates ...
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How to Become a Lawyer in New Zealand?
How to Become a Lawyer in New Zealand?
Becoming a lawyer in New Zealand requires a combination of academic qualifications and practical training. The process of becoming a lawyer typically takes several years to complete, and you will need to follow these specific steps: Complete a law de...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Canada?
How to Become a Lawyer in Canada?
Becoming a lawyer in Canada requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and passing the bar exam. The process of becoming a lawyer typically takes several years to complete, and you will need to follow these specific steps:...
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New York Law Course
New York Law Course
The New York Law Course (NYLC) is a requirement for admission to the New York State Bar. It is an online course that covers New York-specific legal topics, including ethics, professionalism, and skills needed for practicing law in New York. The NYLC ...
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How to Become a Lawyer in New York?
How to Become a Lawyer in New York?
Becoming a lawyer in New York requires a combination of academic qualifications, passing the bar exam, and satisfying some additional requirements. The process of becoming a lawyer typically takes several years to complete the following steps: Earn a...
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New York Law Exam
New York Law Exam
The New York Law Exam (NYLE) is a two-hour online exam administered by the New York State Board of Law Examiners. The exam is designed to test a candidate's knowledge of New York law and procedure, which is a requirement for admission to the bar in t...
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How to Become a Solicitor in England and Wales?
How to Become a Solicitor in England and Wales?
Becoming a solicitor in England and Wales requires a combination of academic qualifications, passing qualifying exams and gaining qualified work experience. The profession is regulated by the Solicitors Regulatory Authority, and the process of becomi...
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How to Become ax Barrister in England and Wales?
How to Become a Barrister in England and Wales?
Becoming a barrister in England and Wales requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and pupillage. The profession is regulated by the General Council of the Bar, and the process of becoming a barrister typically takes sev...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Australia?
How to Become a Lawyer in Australia?
Becoming a lawyer in Australia requires a combination of academic qualifications and practical training. To become a lawyer in Australia, you will need to follow these specific steps: Obtain a law degree: You will need to complete a Bachelor of Laws ...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Malaysia?
How to Become a Lawyer in Malaysia?
Becoming a lawyer in Malaysia requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and passing the bar exam. The profession is regulated by the Malaysia Bar, and the process of becoming a lawyer typically takes several years to comp...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Singapore?
How to Become a Lawyer in Singapore?
Becoming a lawyer in Singapore requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and passing the bar exams. The profession is regulated by the Legal Services Regulatory Authority, and the process of becoming a lawyer typically ta...
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How to become a barrister in hong kong
How to Become a Barrister in Hong Kong?
Becoming a solicitor in Hong Kong requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and passing qualifying exams. The profession is regulated by the Hong Kong Bar Association, and the process of becoming a barrister typically tak...
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How to Become a Solicitor in Hong Kong?
How to Become a Solicitor in Hong Kong?
Becoming a solicitor in Hong Kong requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and passing qualifying exams. The profession is regulated by the Law Society of Hong Kong, and the process of becoming a solicitor typically take...
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American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct
American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct
The American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct are a set of ethical guidelines that govern the professional conduct of lawyers in the United States. The Model Rules were first adopted in 1983 and have been revised several times sinc...
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Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination MPRE
Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam | United States
The Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam (MPRE) is an exam administered by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) that measures a candidate's knowledge and understanding of the professional conduct rules that govern lawyers' ethical b...
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National Conference of Bar Examiners NCBE
National Conference of Bar Examiners | United States
The National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) is a non-profit organisation that develops and administers standardised tests for bar admission in the United States. The NCBE was founded in 1931 and is based in Madison, Wisconsin.The NCBE is responsi...
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Multistate Bar Examination MBE
Multistate Bar Exam | United States
The Multistate Bar Exam (MBE) is a standardised, multiple-choice test that is administered as part of the bar exam in the United States. The MBE is developed and administered by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE), and is used by most sta...
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Common Law

Introduction to English Common Law
Introduction to English Common Law
Welcome to this course on Introduction to English Common Law. English common law is one of the most influential legal systems in the world, having shaped the legal systems of many other countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and N...
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Sources of EU Law
Sources of EU Law
The sources of EU law provide the legal framework for the functioning of the EU, ensuring that EU law is applied consistently and predictably across all member states. These sources of law include primary sources such as treaties, as well as secondar...
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Precedent
Advantages and Disadvantages of Precedent
Precedent is the practice of using previous court decisions as a guide for deciding current cases. This can be advantageous in several ways, but it also has some disadvantages. Here are some of the key advantages and disadvantages of using precedent:...
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AV Dicey and the Rule of Law
AV Dicey and the Rule of Law
A.V. Dicey was an influential legal scholar who played a key role in the development of the rule of law in England. The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic societies that holds that all individuals and institutions are subject to the...
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Human Rights and Terrorism
Human Rights and Terrorism
Human rights and terrorism are two complex and often controversial issues that are closely intertwined. While the protection of human rights is essential to safeguarding individual freedoms and ensuring justice and equality, terrorism poses a serious...
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Impact of EU Law on English Law before Brexit
Impact of EU Law on English Law before Brexit
The impact of EU law on English law before Brexit was significant, as the UK was a member of the EU and was bound by its laws and regulations. EU law was incorporated into English law through a range of mechanisms, including the European Communities ...
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Impact of ECHR on English Law
Impact of ECHR on English Law
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has a significant impact on English law, as it was incorporated into UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998. This meant that the rights and freedoms protected under the ECHR can be enforced in UK court...
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Brexit
Brexit
Brexit refers to the process by which the United Kingdom (UK) left the European Union (EU). The UK had been a member of the EU since 1973, but in 2016, a referendum was held in which a majority of UK voters chose to leave the EU. This decision trigge...
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European Citizens' Initiatives
European Citizens' Initiatives
European Citizens' Initiatives (ECIs) are a means by which European Union citizens can propose new laws or changes to existing EU laws. ECIs were introduced in 2012 as part of the Treaty of Lisbon, which aimed to increase citizen participation in EU ...
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EU Membership
EU Membership
EU membership refers to a country's status as a member of the European Union, a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. EU membership brings with it a range of benefits and obligations, including the ability to p...
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Reading Case Law
Reading Case Law
Reading case law, also known as legal cases or judicial decisions, is an important part of legal research and analysis. The following are some steps to help you effectively read and understand case law:Identify the key parties and facts: Begin by ide...
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Judicial Law Making
Judicial Law Making
In the UK, judicial law making refers to the process by which judges, through their decisions and interpretations of the law, create new legal principles and rules. This process is also known as common law or judge-made law.Under the common law syste...
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Secondary Legislation
Secondary Legislation
Secondary legislation, also known as delegated legislation, refers to the laws that are created by government agencies, ministers, or other bodies that have been given the authority to do so by the primary legislation. These laws are often used to fi...
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Primary Legislation
Primary Legislation
Primary legislation refers to the laws that are created by a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress. These laws are typically the most important and influential laws in a legal system, as they have the power to establish new legal rights,...
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Constitutional Statutes
Constitutional Statutes
Constitutional statutes are those laws that form the constitutional framework of a country. These statutes are often considered to be the most important laws in a legal system, as they establish the rules and principles that govern the exercise of go...
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Modern Approach to Statutory Interpretation
Modern Approach to Statutory Interpretation
The modern approach to statutory interpretation is more flexible and expansive than the traditional approach. It recognises that the language of the statute is just one factor to be considered, and that other factors, such as the purpose of the legis...
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Traditional Approach to Statutory Interpretation
Traditional Approach to Statutory Interpretation
The traditional approach to statutory interpretation involves looking at the words of the statute itself and applying their plain and ordinary meaning. This approach assumes that the legislature intended the words of the statute to be interpreted lit...
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Problem of Language
The problem of language in law is a common issue in legal systems around the world. Legal language is often complex, technical, and filled with specialized terminology that can be difficult for non-experts to understand. This can create a significant...
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What Is Statute?
What Is Statute?
A statute is a written law passed by a legislative body, such as a national or state parliament, that is formally enacted and enforced by the government. Statutes can cover a wide range of topics, such as criminal law, tax law, environmental law, and...
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Advantages and Disadvantages of ADR
Advantages and Disadvantages of ADR
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods have several advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional dispute resolution methods like litigation. Here are some of the main advantages and disadvantages of ADR.AdvantagesTime and cost-saving: A...
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Ombudsman
Ombudsman
An ombudsman is an independent official appointed to investigate complaints and disputes between individuals and organisations, usually with the power to make recommendations or issue binding decisions. Ombudsmen are typically established by governme...
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Expert Determination
Expert Determination
Expert Determination is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in which the parties to a dispute agree to appoint an independent expert to make a binding decision on a technical or factual issue related to their dispute.The expert appointed i...
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Early Neutral Evaluation
Early Neutral Evaluation
Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE) is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in which the parties to a dispute present their case to a neutral third party evaluator who then provides a non-binding evaluation or assessment of the case. The purpose...
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Conciliation
Conciliation
Conciliation is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in which parties to a dispute agree to meet with a neutral third party, known as a conciliator, in an effort to resolve their differences and reach a mutually acceptable solution.The conc...
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Arbitration
Arbitration
Arbitration is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in which parties agree to submit their dispute to a neutral third party, known as an arbitrator, who will make a binding decision on the dispute.In arbitration, the parties have more contr...
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