The European Union has several institutions that play key roles in its governance and decision-making processes. These institutions are the major pillars of the EU ensuring the functioning, democratic representation, and administration of the EU.
European Commission (EC): The European Commission is the executive body of the EU. It represents the interests of the EU as a whole and is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing policies, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the EU. The Commission consists of a College of Commissioners, with each member representing a specific policy area.
European Parliament (EP): The European Parliament is the directly elected legislative body of the EU. It represents EU citizens and has the power to pass, amend, and reject legislation proposed by the Commission. The Parliament's members are elected every five years, and its main functions include lawmaking, budget approval, and democratic oversight of the EU institutions.
Council of the European Union (Council): The Council of the European Union, also known as the Council of Ministers, represents the member states. It is the EU's main decision-making body along with the European Parliament. The Council is responsible for adopting EU laws, coordinating policies, and negotiating international agreements. Its composition varies depending on the policy area being discussed, with meetings attended by the relevant ministers from each member state.
European Council: The European Council consists of the heads of state or government of EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. It sets the EU's overall political direction and priorities, providing impetus for key decisions. The European Council meets several times a year to discuss and guide the EU's strategic objectives and address major challenges.
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU): The Court of Justice of the European Union is the EU's judicial institution. It ensures the uniform interpretation and application of EU law across member states. The CJEU consists of three courts: the Court of Justice, the General Court, and the specialised courts. It has the power to settle disputes between member states, interpret EU law, and review the legality of EU acts.
European Central Bank (ECB): The European Central Bank is the central bank of the Eurozone, the countries that have adopted the euro as their currency. It is responsible for monetary policy, maintaining price stability, and overseeing the euro area's financial system. The ECB sets interest rates, conducts open market operations, and supervises banks within the Eurozone.
These institutions work together to ensure the democratic governance, policy-making, and functioning of the EU. They uphold the EU's values, ensure representation of member states and citizens, and contribute to the integration and development of the Union.
You can learn more about this topic with our EU Law notes.
