Tort Law

Tort Law is a branch of civil law that deals with civil wrongs, other than breach of contract, committed by one party against another. It provides a legal framework for individuals to seek compensation for harm or injury caused by the wrongful actions of others. The purpose of tort law is to provide a remedy for those who have suffered harm and to deter future wrongful conduct. Here are the topics your will learn in this module.

Introduction
The introduction to tort law provides an overview of the principles, concepts, and scope of tort law. It explains that tort law deals with civil wrongs, where one party's actions or omissions cause harm or injury to another, resulting in legal liability.

Types of Tort
Tort law encompasses various types of civil wrongs. Some common types of torts include negligence, intentional torts (such as assault, battery, and defamation), strict liability, nuisance, product liability, and economic torts. Each type of tort has its own legal elements and principles.

Negligence
Negligence is the most common type of tort. It involves the failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in harm or injury to another person. To establish negligence, the plaintiff must prove the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty, causation, and damages.

Inferred Negligence
Inferred negligence, also known as res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself), allows the plaintiff to establish a breach of duty without direct evidence of negligence. It applies when the facts and circumstances surrounding the accident or injury indicate that the defendant's negligence is the most likely cause.

Duty of Care
Duty of care refers to the legal obligation of individuals or entities to act in a way that does not cause harm to others. It is a fundamental principle in tort law. The specific duty of care owed by a defendant depends on the relationship between the parties and the circumstances of the case.

Breach of Duty
Breach of duty occurs when a person fails to meet the required standard of care, thereby breaching their duty of care. It is the second element of a negligence claim. Whether a breach has occurred is determined by comparing the defendant's actions to the standard of care expected in similar circumstances.

Causation
Causation establishes the link between the defendant's breach of duty and the plaintiff's harm or injury. It requires proving both factual causation (the defendant's breach was a cause-in-fact of the harm) and legal causation (the harm was a foreseeable consequence of the breach).

Remoteness
Remoteness, also known as the rule of foreseeability, limits the scope of liability in tort law. It requires that the harm suffered by the plaintiff must be reasonably foreseeable as a result of the defendant's breach of duty. If the harm is too remote or unforeseeable, the defendant may not be held liable.

Proximate Cause
Proximate cause refers to the legal concept that limits liability to harm that is closely connected to the defendant's breach of duty. It considers the extent to which the defendant should be held responsible for the consequences of their actions, considering factors such as foreseeability and directness of the harm.

Intervening Cause
An intervening cause is an event that occurs between the defendant's breach of duty and the plaintiff's harm, which contributes to or modifies the harm. Depending on the circumstances, an intervening cause may break the chain of causation and limit the defendant's liability.

Strict Liability
Strict liability is a legal principle that holds a party liable for harm or injury caused, regardless of fault or negligence. It applies to certain activities or circumstances where the potential risks are high, such as keeping dangerous animals or engaging in ultra-hazardous activities.

Product Liability
Product liability deals with the legal responsibility of manufacturers, sellers, and distributors for defective products that cause harm or injury to consumers. It imposes a duty on these parties to ensure that their products are safe and free from defects.

Public Liability
Public liability involves the liability of individuals or entities for harm or injury caused to members of the public. It typically arises in situations where a person or organization owes a duty of care to the public, such as in the operation of public spaces, events, or facilities. Examples include slip and fall accidents in a public park or injuries caused by a defective public infrastructure.

Vicarious Liability
Vicarious liability is a legal doctrine that holds one party responsible for the actions or omissions of another person. It commonly arises in employer-employee relationships, where an employer can be held liable for the wrongful acts committed by an employee in the course of their employment. Vicarious liability extends the scope of liability to ensure that victims can seek compensation from the party with greater financial resources.

Pure Economic Loss
Pure economic loss refers to financial harm or loss suffered by a person without any associated physical injury or damage to property. It typically occurs in situations where a negligent act or omission causes financial loss, such as professional negligence or negligent misrepresentation. Recovering pure economic loss in tort law can be challenging and is often subject to specific requirements or limitations.

Pure Psychiatric Harm
Pure psychiatric harm refers to the psychological or emotional harm suffered by a person without any accompanying physical injury. It arises when a person directly witnesses or experiences a traumatic event caused by another party's negligence or intentional conduct. The law imposes certain limitations and criteria for recovering compensation for pure psychiatric harm.

Employers' Liability
Employers' liability deals with the legal responsibility of employers for injuries or harm suffered by their employees in the course of their employment. Employers have a duty to provide a safe working environment, proper training, and necessary safeguards to protect their employees from foreseeable risks. In case of a breach of this duty, an employer may be held liable for the resulting harm or injuries.

Occupiers' Liability
Occupiers' liability relates to the duty of care owed by occupiers of premises to visitors or trespassers. Occupiers have a responsibility to ensure that their premises are reasonably safe and to warn visitors of any known hazards or risks. Occupiers' liability can arise in various settings, such as private residences, businesses, or public places.

Intentional Torts
Intentional torts are wrongful acts committed intentionally or with deliberate disregard for the rights or safety of others. They involve intentional actions that cause harm or injury to another person, such as assault, battery, false imprisonment, trespass, or defamation. Unlike negligence, intent is a key element in establishing liability for intentional torts.

Economic Torts
Economic torts involve wrongful acts that cause financial harm or loss to another person or business. These torts aim to protect economic interests and typically include actions such as tortious interference with contractual relations, deceit, fraudulent misrepresentation, or conspiracy to injure trade or business reputation.

Nuisance
Nuisance refers to the unreasonable interference with a person's use or enjoyment of their property. It can be categorised as private nuisance, which affects an individual's use of their property, or public nuisance, which affects the public's use and enjoyment of a public space. Nuisance claims often involve issues such as noise, odours, pollution, or excessive vibrations. This chapter also examines the case of Rylands v Fletcher, which established the principle of strict liability for non-natural uses of land.

Defamation
Defamation involves making false statements about a person that harm their reputation. It can be divided into two categories: slander, which refers to spoken defamatory statements, and libel, which involves written or printed defamatory statements. To establish a defamation claim, the plaintiff typically needs to prove that the statements were false, defamatory, published to a third party, and caused harm to their reputation.

Studying Tort Law involves understanding the legal principles, concepts, case law, and statutory provisions that govern these areas. It also requires analysing and applying these principles to hypothetical scenarios and real-life cases.