Sources of Public International Law

The sources of public international law encompass various legal instruments and principles that shape the framework and norms governing the relations between states and international actors. The primary sources of public international law are treaties and customary international law, with the Statute of the International Court of Justice serving as an additional authoritative reference.

Treaties: Treaties are written agreements concluded between states, international organisations, or a combination of both. They are one of the most important sources of international law. Treaties can cover a wide range of subjects, including human rights, trade, environmental protection, and armed conflict. Treaties may be bilateral (between two states) or multilateral (involving multiple states or international organisations). They establish binding obligations on the parties involved and contribute to the development and codification of international law.

Customary international law: Customary international law consists of unwritten rules that have developed over time and are accepted as binding by states. Customary law arises from the general and consistent practice of states, coupled with the belief that such practice is legally required (opinio juris). Customary international law can emerge from state practice in various areas, including diplomatic relations, territorial sovereignty, and the prohibition of torture. It reflects the shared expectations and customary behaviour of states and is considered legally binding.

General principles of law: General principles of law are fundamental legal principles that are recognised and applied by national legal systems worldwide. These principles, such as fairness, equity, and non-discrimination, form part of the broader corpus of public international law. They provide guidance for decision-making in international legal disputes and are considered as complementary sources of international law.

Judicial decisions and legal writings: Judicial decisions, including judgments of international courts and tribunals, contribute to the development and interpretation of international law. While judicial decisions are not binding sources of law, they hold significant persuasive authority and can influence the evolution of legal principles. Legal writings, including scholarly works, academic opinions, and expert commentaries, also contribute to the interpretation and understanding of international law.

Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): The Statute serves as a foundational document for the functioning of the ICJ, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. While it is not a primary source of international law, the ICJ's mandate and procedures outlined in the Statute have an impact on the development and interpretation of international law. The ICJ's judgments and advisory opinions contribute to the body of jurisprudence in international law.

In conclusion, the sources of public international law primarily consist of treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, judicial decisions, and legal writings. Treaties and customary law are particularly important, as they reflect the binding obligations and accepted practices among states. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, although not a primary source, influences the application and interpretation of international law through its provisions and the court's jurisprudence.