UK Constitutional Institutions

Monarchy
The Monarchy is the institution that represents the Head of State in the UK. The Monarchy has a ceremonial role in the UK, and its functions are mainly symbolic. The Monarch performs duties such as opening Parliament, meeting with foreign dignitaries, and granting royal assent to legislation. However, the Monarch has no real political power, and all decisions are made by elected representatives.

Parliament
Parliament is the institution that makes laws in the UK. It is made up of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is made up of elected representatives, and its main role is to scrutinise and pass laws. The House of Lords is made up of appointed members who provide a revising and scrutinising role for proposed legislation.

Prime Minister
The Prime Minister is the leader of the government in the UK. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Monarch and is usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister's main role is to set the government's policy agenda and oversee the work of the Cabinet.

Cabinet
The Cabinet is a group of senior government ministers who are appointed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is responsible for making decisions on major policy issues and overseeing the work of government departments.

Judiciary (Courts)
The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and enforcing the law in the UK. The judiciary is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of judges and magistrates who are appointed by the Crown. The judiciary ensures that the law is applied fairly and consistently and that the rights of individuals are protected.

Police
The Police are responsible for maintaining law and order in the UK. The Police are managed by local police forces and are overseen by the Home Office. The Police work closely with other government agencies to prevent crime, investigate crimes, and bring criminals to justice.

Civil Service
The Civil Service is responsible for implementing government policy in the UK. It is made up of permanent officials who are appointed based on their merit rather than their political affiliations. The Civil Service provides advice and support to the government and is responsible for implementing policies in a neutral and impartial way.

Local Government
Local Government is responsible for providing services and facilities to local communities in the UK. Local Government is made up of local authorities, including county councils, district councils, and unitary authorities. Local authorities are responsible for services such as waste collection, housing, and education, among others.

Devolved Governments
Devolved governments are regional or national governments with powers and responsibilities that are delegated to them by a central government. In the UK, there are three devolved governments: the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive. Each devolved government has its own set of powers and responsibilities, which vary depending on the specific arrangements agreed between the central government and the devolved administration. However, in general, devolved governments have the power to legislate on matters that are relevant to their region, such as health, education, housing, and the environment.