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Prosecutor's Fallacy
The Prosecutor's Fallacy is a cognitive or logical error that can occur in the context of legal proceedings, particularly during the presentation of evidence in criminal trials. This fallacy occurs when a prosecutor misrepresents or misinterprets sta...
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Criminal Justice Act 2003
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is a significant piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced comprehensive reforms to various aspects of the criminal justice system. It received Royal Assent on November 20, 2003, and its provisions have ...
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Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is a higher chamber within the ECtHR, which is a supranational court established to hear cases related to alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Grand ...
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Collateral Evidence
In Evidence Law, collateral evidence refers to evidence that is introduced for a purpose other than proving or disproving a fact that is directly in dispute in a case. Collateral evidence is typically introduced to impeach or attack the credibility o...
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Collateral in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, the term collateral typically refers to evidence or matters that are not directly related to the central issues in a case but may be introduced for a limited purpose. Collateral evidence is often introduced to attack or support a wit...
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Collateral Issue in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, the term collateral issue refers to a concept that limits the extent to which evidence can be introduced during a trial. The principle of collateral issues is designed to ensure that trials remain focused on the central issues and do...
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Corroboration in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, corroboration refers to the independent confirmation or support of a fact or statement by additional evidence or witnesses. It plays a significant role in legal proceedings by enhancing the credibility and reliability of the evidence...
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Probative Value
In Evidence Law, the probative value of evidence refers to the extent to which that evidence tends to prove or disprove a fact in question. It is a fundamental concept in the assessment of evidence in legal proceedings, and it plays a crucial role in...
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Defamation
Defamation is a legal term that refers to the act of making false statements about an individual, business, or entity that harm their reputation. These false statements can be either spoken (slander) or written (libel) and are typically communicated ...
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Primary Publisher in Defamation Laws
In defamation laws, the primary publisher refers to the person or entity that initially publishes or communicates the defamatory statement to a third party. Defamation occurs when false statements are made that harm the reputation of an individual or...
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Secondary Publisher in Defamation Laws
In defamation laws, a secondary publisher refers to a person or entity that repeats or republishes defamatory statements made by another party. The primary publisher is typically the original source or author of the defamatory statement, while the se...
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Voidable Contracts
A voidable contract is a type of contract in which one party has the option to either enforce the contract or void it without liability, at their discretion. This means that while the contract is initially valid and binding, certain circumstances or ...
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Void Contracts
In Contract Law, a void contract is a type of contract that is fundamentally unenforceable and has no legal effect from the moment it was created. In other words, it is as if the contract never existed. Void contracts are void from the beginning (voi...
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Repudiation in Contract Law
In Contract Law, repudiation refers to a situation where one party to a contract communicates, through words or actions, an intention not to fulfil his obligations under the contract. Repudiation is a serious breach of contract that gives the innocen...
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Rescission in Contract Law
In Contract Law, rescission is an equitable remedy that allows one party to cancel a contract under certain circumstances where a contractual party has been subjected to a vitiating factor, such as misrepresentation, mistake, duress, or undue influen...
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Self-incrimination
Self-incrimination is indeed the act of exposing oneself to an accusation or charge of a crime, typically by making a statement that could implicate oneself or another person in a criminal prosecution or its potential risks. This concept is fundament...
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Article 18 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 18 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a crucial provision that reinforces the principle that restrictions on the rights and freedoms protected by the Convention must not be abused or used for purposes other than those prescr...
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Article 17 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a unique provision that addresses the prevention of abuse of rights. It is often referred to as the abuse of rights clause and is intended to prevent individuals or groups from using the...
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Article 16 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 16 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the limitation on restrictions on the political activities of foreigners. It aims to strike a balance between protecting the democratic process and allowing member states to regul...
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Article 15 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a provision that allows for the suspension of certain Convention rights in times of emergency. It is a safeguard mechanism that permits member states to take exceptional measures during ...
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Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention. It is a foundational provision that complements and reinforces the Conv...
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Article 13 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the right to an effective remedy before national authorities for violations of the rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. This article ensures that individuals have acce...
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Article 12 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the right to marry and the right to found a family. This article recognises the importance of individuals' freedom to marry and establish a family without undue interference from ...
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Principle of Proportionality
The principle of proportionality is a fundamental legal and constitutional concept used in many legal systems, including international law, to ensure that government actions and restrictions on rights are balanced and do not go beyond what is necessa...
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Article 11 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) safeguards the right to freedom of assembly and association. It protects individuals' rights to come together in peaceful gatherings, form associations or organisations, and engage in ...
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Chen and Zhu v Home Secretary 2004 | EU Law
C-200/02 Chen v Home Secretary 2004, officially known as Man Lavette Chen and Kunqian Catherine Zhu v Secretary of State for the Home Department, was a significant decision by the European Court of Justice. concerning nationality law and the right to...
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Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom 2009 | Evidence
Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom (2009) is a landmark judgment by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning the application of the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The case inv...
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R v Horncastle 2009 | Evidence
R v Horncastle & Others (2009) UKSC 14 was a significant decision by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom that dealt with the admissibility of hearsay evidence in criminal trials and its compatibility with the right to a fair trial as guarante...
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McLibel Case | Tort Law
The McLibel case, officially known as McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris (1997) EWHC 366 (QB), refers to a famous and lengthy legal battle between McDonald's Corporation and two activists, Helen Steel and Dave Morris, from the UK. The case i...
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Best v Chief Land Registrar 2015 | Land Law
R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar (2015) EWCA Civ 17 deals with the concept of adverse possession in property law, specifically in the context of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO 2012) in Engla...
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R v R 1991 | Criminal Law
R v R (1991) UKHL 12 was a pivotal legal decision in the United Kingdom, establishing that it is a crime for a husband to rape his wife, effectively abolishing marital rape exemption under common law.The defendant, R, married his wife in 1984, but th...
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R v Chaytor 2010 | Public Law
R v Chaytor (2010) UKSC 52 was a landmark legal case decided by the UK Supreme Court in 2010. This case is commonly known as the Chaytor case and is related to the prosecution of three former Members of Parliament for false accounting in connection w...
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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union 2017 | Public Law
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (2017) UKSC 5, also known as Miller I, was a pivotal legal case decided by the UK Supreme Court on January 24, 2017. This case revolved around the fundamental question of whether the Brit...
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R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland 2019 | Public Law
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland (2019) UKSC 41, commonly referred to as Miller II or Miller/Cherry, were joint landmark constitutional law cases on the limits of the power of royal prerogative used by the Go...
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R v Wilson 1997 | Criminal Law
R v Wilson (1997) QB 47 is a well-known case in English criminal law decided by the Court of Appeal, establishing the rule that consent to acts that may cause actual bodily harm is a valid consent. It was distinguished from R v Brown (1993), where co...
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R v Brown 1994 | Criminal Law
R v Brown (1993) UKHL 19, (1994) 1 AC 212 is a landmark case in English criminal law decided by the House of Lords. It is often referred to as the Spanner case due to the nature of the activities involved. This case established the principle that con...
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Shelby County v Holder 2013 | US Supreme Court Case
Shelby County v Holder (2013) 570 US 529 is a significant US Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Sections 4 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This case had a major impact on voting rights in the United States, particularly wi...
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Brown v Board of Education of Topeka 1954 | US Supreme Court Case
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 347 US 483 is one of the most important and influential Supreme Court cases in US history, addressing the issue of racial segregation in public schools. It was ruled that US state laws establishing racial s...
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Loving v Virginia 1967 | US Supreme Court Case
Loving v Virginia (1967) 388 US 1 is a landmark Supreme Court case that was decided in 1967. This case played a pivotal role in ending racial segregation in the United States and is particularly significant for its impact on interracial marriage.The ...
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Obergefell v Hodges 2015 | US Supreme Court Case
Obergefell v Hodges (2015) 576 US 644 is a landmark Supreme Court case in US constitutional law that was decided in 2015. This case addressed the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage and established marriage equality as the law of the...
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District of Columbia v Heller 2008 | US Supreme Court Case
District of Columbia v Heller (2008) 554 US 570 is a landmark Supreme Court case clarifying that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms for lawful purposes unrelated to militia service, striking down the District of C...
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McDonald v City of Chicago 2010 | US Supreme Court Case
McDonald v City of Chicago (2010) 561 US 742 is a landmark Supreme Court case clarifying that the Second Amendment's protection of an individual's right to keep and bear arms applies to state and local governments through incorporation via the Fourte...
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American Cyanamid v Ethicon 1975 | Civil Procedure
American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975) UKHL 1 is a landmark case in English law that laid down important principles regarding the granting of interlocutory injunctions, which is an interim court order issued during the course of a legal proceeding...
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Saunders v Vautier 1841 | Trusts Law
Saunders v Vautier (1841) EWHC J82 is a landmark case in English trusts law that established the rule allowing beneficiaries with vested interests in a trust to terminate the trust and demand the immediate distribution of trust property even if the t...
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R v Jogee (Ameen Hassan) 2016 | Criminal Law
R v Jogee (2016) UKSC 8, also known as the Jogee case, was a landmark decision by the UK Supreme Court in 2016 that clarified the law on joint enterprise. The case involved the doctrine of joint enterprise, which allowed individuals to be held crimin...
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Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation 1948 | Public Law
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (1948) 1 KB 223, often referred to as the Wednesbury case, is a landmark decision in English administrative law that set a standard for the review of administrative decisions based on ...
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Street v Mountford 1985 | Property Law
Street v Mountford (1985) UKHL 4 is a significant decision in English property law that clarified the distinction between a tenancy agreement and a licence agreement. The case involved a dispute between Mountford, the occupier of a property, and Stre...
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R v Makanjuola 1995 | Evidence
R v Makanjuola (1995) 1 WLR 1348 is a legal case that was decided in 1995 and is often cited as an important authority on the approach courts should take when dealing with warnings about the uncorroborated evidence of accomplices or complainants in s...
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Royal British Bank v Turquand 1856 | Company Law
Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 E&B 327, also known as the Turquand's Case, is a landmark company law case that established the indoor management rule or the Turquand Rule to protect the rights of bona fide third parties who enter into tra...
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JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham 2002 | Property Law
J A Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Others v Graham and another (2002) UKHL 30 is a significant case that deals with the concept of adverse possession in the context of land ownership in the United Kingdom. The case involved a dispute between JA Pye (Oxford) Lt...
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