The agency theory is a significant concept in corporate law and governance that explains the relationship and conflicts between principals (such as shareholders) and agents (such as company executives). This theory is essential for understanding vari...
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Laws Consortium
The organic theory is a fundamental aspect of corporate law, providing a framework to understand how legal responsibilities are attributed to corporations, which are abstract legal entities. This theory allows corporations to be held accountable for ...
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Separation of powers is a foundational principle in the constitution of democratic states, designed to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single entity and thus guard against tyranny. This principle divides the state's governance in...
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Legal professional privilege is a fundamental principle within the legal system that protects the confidentiality of communications between legal professionals and their clients. This privilege is crucial in ensuring the right to a fair trial and pro...
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Power of Attorney (POA) is crucial for anyone who wishes to ensure their affairs are handled according to their wishes, should they become unable to manage them personally. This legal mechanism allows one person, known as the principal, to grant anot...
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The officious bystander test is a legal principle used in the common law, particularly in the context of contract law, to determine whether an implied term should form part of a contract. This test is applied to ascertain if a term is so obvious that...
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Judicial review stands as a cornerstone of administrative law, providing a mechanism through which the decisions of public bodies can be challenged in court. This process ensures that such decisions are made legally, fairly, and reasonably. While the...
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The principle of proportionality in judicial review serves as a tool for ensuring that decisions made by public authorities are reasonable and balanced, especially in the context of affecting individual rights and freedoms. While important, proportio...
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The purpose of contract law is multifaceted, serving as the foundation for legal agreements and transactions across various aspects of society, business, and personal interactions. Its primary purposes include:Creating legal framework for agreements:...
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In democratic governance, referendums and plebiscites are pivotal tools that empower the populace to have a direct say on various issues. While on the surface, both mechanisms seem to serve the same purpose—allowing the public to vote on specific mat...
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In global governance and humanitarian efforts, a myriad of organisations play crucial roles in shaping policies, delivering aid, and fostering international cooperation. Among these, Non-Governmental Organisations, International Non-Governmental Orga...
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Arguing that civil law is superior to common law involves considering the characteristics that distinguish civil law systems and the advantages these characteristics can provide. Civil law, known for its comprehensive codification of statutes and pri...
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Arguing that common law is superior to civil law involves highlighting aspects where the common law system may offer distinct advantages. This comparison often revolves around the flexibility, adaptability, and the role of judicial precedent within c...
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The debate on whether common law is superior to civil law, or vice versa, encompasses a rich discussion grounded in centuries of legal tradition and practice across different nations. At its heart, this debate probes the efficacy, adaptability, and f...
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Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. It determines which court system should properly adjudicate a dispute or a case, based on factors such as geography, subject matter, and the parties involved. The p...
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Public order crimes, also known as victimless crimes, involve acts that do not directly harm the person or property of another, but are considered to harm the community or society in general. These can include drug use, prostitution, public drunkenne...
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In the panorama of human rights, the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of race stands as a cornerstone principle, embodying the essence of equality and justice. This principle asserts that all individuals, regardless of their racial or eth...
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The complex discussion around international law and military intervention, particularly for humanitarian purposes, touches on foundational principles of sovereignty, human rights, and the role of international organisations and states in addressing s...
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In examining the relationship between the command and sanction theories of law as articulated by Austin and Kelsen respectively, it becomes evident that while both theories fall under the umbrella of sanction theories, they diverge significantly in t...
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Adverse possession, often described as a legal doctrine allowing individuals to claim ownership of land they do not rightfully own through continuous and unauthorised use, is a concept that straddles the intersection of law, morality, and property ri...
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In the vast landscape of legal terminology, two terms frequently encountered, often interchangeably but with distinct implications, are unreasonableness and unconscionability. However their distinctions serve as vital safeguards against unfairness an...
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In Contract Law and Commercial Law, a Himalaya clause is a provision commonly found in contracts involving carriage of goods by sea or land, particularly in bills of lading and contracts of carriage. This clause extends the benefit of limitation of l...
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In jurisprudence, the concept of open justice stands tall as a beacon of transparency, ensuring that the legal process remains accessible and accountable to all. Rooted in the principle that justice must not only be done but also seen to be done, ope...
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In the contemporary era of digital sharing and widespread dissemination of images, the concept of image rights has gained paramount significance. Image rights encapsulate the legal considerations aimed at safeguarding individuals and entities from th...
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A natural law theory of law is grounded in the idea that there are inherent and objective principles of justice and morality that underlie and guide human legal systems. These theories posit that the validity of legal rules is not solely dependent on...
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Case Summaries
R (on the application of Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal and others [2019] UKSC 22 is a significant decision in UK constitutional and administrative law, especially concerning the extent to which the jurisdiction of the High Co...
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Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v Switzerland [2024] ECHR 087, delivered by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), is a landmark judgment addressing the issue of climate change under the European Convention on Hum...
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C-278/05 Robins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2007] represents a significant intersection of UK insolvency law, labour law, and EU law, focusing on the protection of employees' pension rights upon the insolvency of their employer. The c...
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The case of Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw [1940] AC 701 is a landmark decision in English contract law and company law. It is celebrated for elucidating the concept of implied terms in contracts, particularly through MacKinnon LJ's officiou...
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Clinton v Jones [1997] 520 US 681 is a landmark ruling that unequivocally declared that a sitting President is not immune from civil litigation for acts done before taking office and unrelated to the office. This decision represented a significant mo...
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Nixon v Fitzgerald 457 US 731 [1982] is a cornerstone in the legal framework surrounding presidential immunity within the United States. This case unequivocally established the precedent that the President of the United States is granted absolute imm...
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R v Lucas (Lyabode Ruth) [1981] QB 720 established the Lucas direction which stands as a guiding principle within criminal trials, particularly in how juries should interpret evidence concerning lies told by a defendant. This legal doctrine, establis...
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Wood v Waddington [2014] EWHC 1358 examined the scope and application of the implied grant of easements under Section 62 of the Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925), departing from the precedents set in earlier cases such as Long v Gowlett and Kent v ...
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Smith and Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Board [1949] 2 KB 500 is a significant English land law and contract law appeal decision. The case, decided by Denning LJ, establishes key principles related to positive covenants, privity of c...
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Borman v Griffith [1930] 1 Ch 493 is a significant case in English property law, particularly regarding the implication of easements under the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows.The case involved a lease agreement between the tenant and the landlord for a lo...
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AG Securities v Vaughan and Antoniades v Villiers [1988] UKHL 8 were pivotal House of Lords cases that clarified the role of exclusive possession in determining the nature of a lease under English land law. These rulings provided crucial guidance on ...
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R (G) v Governors of X School [2011] UKSC 30 examined whether the claimant's rights under Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) were engaged in a disciplinary hearing conducted by X School. The claimant argued that the s...
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R (Corner House Research) v Director of Serious Fraud Office [2008] UKHL 60 revolved around the Serious Fraud Office's (SFO) decision to terminate an investigation into alleged bribery involving BAE Systems, a major defence contractor, and the S...
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Yachuk v Oliver Blais Co Ltd [1949] AC 386 revolved around the attribution of injuries suffered by a nine-year-old boy solely to the negligence of the respondent's employee and whether there was contributory negligence on the part of the child.T...
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W v Essex County Council [2001] 2 AC 592 is a legal case that explored the concept of primary and secondary victims in the context of psychiatric injury resulting from negligence. The case involved involuntary participants placed in a situation by th...
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Jolley v Sutton London Borough Council [2000] 1 WLR 1082 is a significant case that delves into the foreseeability of harm in negligence claims, particularly when the claimant is a child. The central issue revolved around the duty of care owed by the...
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Rothwell v Chemical & Insulating Co [2008] 1 AC 281 marked a significant development in the law regarding the recovery of damages for psychiatric illness. The central principle established in this case is that for psychiatric illness to be recove...
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Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v The Miller Steamship Co Ltd [1967] 1 AC 617, commonly referred to as The Wagon Mound (No 2), established a key legal principle regarding the relevance of the seriousness of possible harm in determining the extent of a par...
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Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] AC 388, commonly known as The Wagon Mound (No 1), established a crucial principle in the law of negligence—that for damage or injury to be actionable, it must be reasonably foresee...
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R v Pitham and Hehl [1997] 65 Cr App R 45 revolved around whether offering something for sale that one does not own, even without physically moving the property, constitutes appropriation under the Theft Act 1968.A person, referred to as M, sold furn...
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Attorney General’s Ref (No 1) [1975] QB 773 clarified the requirements for the offence of procuring, emphasising that shared intention between the person procuring an offence and the person committing it is not a necessary element.The facts involved ...
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R v Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 clarified the requirement for guilt in aiding and abetting, stating that the accessory must have knowledge of the intention of the principal to commit an offence of the type that was actually committed.The case involved...
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Blakely and Sutton v DPP [1991] Crim LR 763 examined the mens rea (mental element) required for the offence of procuring. The central premise established was that the mens rea of procuring entails both the intention to perform the act that significan...
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R v Rook [1993] 2 All ER 955 examined the requirement for an accused to successfully withdraw from a criminal enterprise in which they had initially participated. The key criterion emphasised was the necessity for unequivocal communication of withdra...
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R v Becerra and Cooper [1976] 62 App R 212 addressed the criteria for successfully withdrawing from a criminal enterprise, emphasising the necessity of unequivocal communication of withdrawal to other perpetrators.Becerra providing Cooper with a knif...
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UK Law
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) is a pivotal piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into domestic law. This Act enables individuals to defend their rights in...
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In UK tax law and labour law, a sham contract refers to an agreement that misrepresents the true nature of the relationship between the parties involved, typically to avoid certain legal obligations and tax liabilities. This term often comes up in th...
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Sham self-employment in UK tax law and labour law refers to situations where individuals are classified or present themselves as self-employed when, in reality, their working conditions and relationship with their employer resemble those of an employ...
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The UK has implemented a robust framework of anti-tax avoidance measures aimed at preventing tax evasion and aggressive tax avoidance. These measures are designed to protect the integrity of the tax system, ensuring that individuals and corporations ...
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UK Tax Law encompasses a wide range of taxes, each with its own rules and regulations. Understanding these taxes is essential for compliance and effective financial planning. Below are come of the common topics you will study in Tax Law.1. Income fro...
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The UK system of government reflects the doctrine of the separation of powers, but not in the strict sense often associated with other countries, like the USA. The UK lacks a formal, written constitution, which means the separation of powers is more ...
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Following the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union, a significant shift occurred in the legal landscape, particularly in the realm of international private law. Among these changes, Rome II, which pertains to non-contractual obligations...
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The Public Order Act 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to address issues related to public order. It creates a framework for managing public demonstrations, processions, and gatherings, aiming to balance the rights of in...
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The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) cannot overrule the UK Supreme Court in the direct sense of changing its decisions. However, the relationship between the ECtHR and the UK legal system, particularly regarding the Supreme Court, operates thr...
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The relationship between the UK Supreme Court, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) reflects the complex legal landscape in which UK law interacts with European law. This relationship, gove...
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In the labyrinthine corridors of legal jargon and parliamentary procedures, there exists a term that might sound more suited to the pages of history than the contemporary legal landscape: the Henry VIII clause. Named after the notorious Tudor monarch...
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In English land law, the right of way stands as a cornerstone, facilitating access and passage over another's property. Rooted in centuries of legal precedent and legislation, understanding the nuances of the right of way is essential for property ow...
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In the United Kingdom, the concept of image rights holds paramount significance as it encompasses a range of rights associated with an individual's personality, including their image, likeness, and other identifiable characteristics. The primary purp...
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In the United Kingdom, the Secretary of State is a senior government official who is responsible for a specific government department. The role of the Secretary of State is to oversee and manage the functions and policies of their respective departme...
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The United Kingdom boasts a rich and intricate constitutional framework, underpinned by a set of principles that shape the nation's governance. In this article, we explore the 12 fundamental constitutional principles that guide the UK's legal and pol...
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The term "Attorney General's Reference" in English law typically refers to a formal request made by the Attorney General to the Court of Appeal or the Crown Court seeking their opinion or clarification on a point of law. This process is often used in...
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English defamation law has a rich historical background, with roots extending back to the Statute of Gloucester in the reign of Edward I (1272–1307). This legal framework encompasses both libel, referring to written or published defamation, and sland...
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The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 is a significant piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that addresses the rights and liabilities of parties involved in frustrated contracts. Frustration, in the context of English contract law, occ...
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Collective redundancy situations pose unique challenges for employers, requiring careful planning, effective communication, and compliance with legal obligations. This article provides guidance for employers in the United Kingdom on navigating collec...
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Redundancy is a challenging and often distressing process for both employers and employees. To maintain trust, uphold ethical standards, and navigate the legal landscape, it is essential for employers to ensure fairness throughout the redundancy proc...
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Unfair dismissal constitutes a breach of an employee's rights, and when proven, the affected individual is entitled to various remedies under UK employment law. This article explores the remedies available for unfair dismissal, delving into the legal...
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Automatic unfair dismissal is a significant aspect of UK employment law, offering enhanced protection to employees facing termination under specific circumstances deemed inherently unjust. This article explores the nuances of automatic unfair dismiss...
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Statutory illegality dismissal is a unique aspect of UK employment law that arises when the continuation of an employment relationship becomes unlawful due to statutory or legal reasons. In such cases, employers may find themselves compelled to termi...
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Unfair dismissal is a prominent issue in UK employment law, and when it intersects with redundancy, it introduces additional complexities. Redundancy-related dismissals must adhere to specific legal criteria to be considered fair and lawful. This art...
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Conduct dismissals in the United Kingdom form a critical aspect of employment law, allowing employers to terminate an employee's contract due to serious misconduct. Striking a delicate balance between maintaining discipline in the workplace and uphol...
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US Law
The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, the press, and religion. They were introduced to ass...
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The United States Constitution is not just a document; it is the foundation of the nation's governance and legal framework, embodying principles that have guided the United States since its inception in 1787. As the oldest written constitution still ...
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The concept of presidential immunity in the United States is a legal principle that shields the President and other high-level executive officials from certain lawsuits and legal actions during their term in office. This doctrine is rooted in the Con...
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In the United States, the role of the Secretary of State is pivotal, encompassing both federal and state levels. At the federal level, the Secretary of State serves as a prominent member of the President's Cabinet and heads the US Department of State...
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The United States of America, a nation forged through revolution and enlightened thought, boasts a constitutional framework that is the envy of many. While the US Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, a significant portion of the Americ...
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The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) is a crucial United States statute that regulates the rights and responsibilities of shippers and ship-owners in the context of ocean shipments to and from the United States. Serving as the US implementation o...
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The Colorado Supreme Court has ruled that former President Donald Trump is disqualified from holding the presidency under the Constitution's insurrection clause. This marks the first time a court has found him ineligible to return to the White House ...
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The Federal Supreme Court and State Supreme Court are two different judicial systems within the United States. State supreme courts operate within the framework of a specific state's legal system, while the federal supreme court is the US Supreme Cou...
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The United States operates under a dual system of federalism, where both federal and state courts coexist. In each of the 50 states, the highest judicial authority is the State Supreme Court, known by different names in some states. The State Supreme...
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The legal system of the United States employs various standards of proof, which determine the level of evidence required to establish a fact or prove a case. These standards of proof vary depending on the type of legal proceeding, such as civil, crim...
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Self-incrimination is a legal concept that refers to the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which states that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. This means that individuals have the righ...
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The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the ten amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. It contains several important protections for individuals involved in the American legal system, particularly in criminal cases. No pe...
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Federal and state governments in the United States are two distinct levels of government, each with its own set of powers, responsibilities, and jurisdictions. They share authority and collaborate on certain matters, but they also operate independent...
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Equality before the law is a fundamental principle of the legal system in the United States. It refers to the concept that all individuals, regardless of their background, social status, wealth, race, ethnicity, gender, or any other personal characte...
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The rule of law is a fundamental concept in the United States, and it refers to the principle that all individuals and institutions, including government officials and entities, are subject to and accountable under the law. This concept ensures that ...
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land and serves as the foundation for the American system of government. It is based on several fundamental principles that shape the country's governance and protect the rights of its citizens...
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A stand-your-ground law is a type of self-defence law that exists in certain US states. These laws allow a person to use force, including deadly force, to defend himself without a legal obligation to retreat first. In other words, he can stand his gr...
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The Reconstruction Amendments, consisting of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the US Constitution, were a series of constitutional amendments ratified in the aftermath of the American Civil War. They were intended to address cr...
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The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution is one of the Reconstruction Amendments, along with the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. It was ratified on February 3, 1870, and it addresses the issue of voting rights, specifically with regard to...
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that aimed to address and eliminate racial discrimination in voting. This Act is considered one of the most important laws in the history of civil rights and played...
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is one of the most significant pieces of civil rights legislation in US history. It was enacted to address racial segregation, discrimination, and inequality, particularly against African Americans. Before the Civil Right...
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The doctrine of incorporation, also known as the doctrine of selective incorporation, is a legal principle in United States constitutional law that determines how and to what extent the protections and provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to state ...
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The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the most significant and far-reaching amendments in American constitutional history. Ratified on July 9, 1868, it addresses various issues related to civil rights and equal protecti...
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The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the ten amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the Bill of Rights, which were added to the Constitution to protect individual libert...
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The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects the right to bear arms, is often cited in discussions about gun violence in the United States. However, it is important to note that the Second Amendment itself does not inherentl...
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EU Law
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) are two cornerstone instruments for the protection of human rights in Europe, but they serve different purposes within different legal fr...
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The Court of Justice of the European Union stands as a pillar of justice, ensuring the harmonious application and interpretation of EU law across its member states. Within this esteemed institution, standing as a bastion of legal integrity and cohere...
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General principles of European Union law serve as foundational concepts applied by both the European Court of Justice and national courts within member states when assessing the legality of legislative and administrative measures. These principles, b...
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The European Economic Area (EEA) serves several purposes, primarily focused on fostering economic cooperation and integration between the European Union (EU) and non-EU member states. Single market access: The EEA provides non-EU countries with acces...
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The European Economic Area (EEA) exists as a broader economic integration framework that includes countries that are not members of the European Union (EU) but still wish to participate in the single European market. The EEA was established to extend...
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The European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe are two distinct organisations that are often mixed up by law students. The European Council and the Council of the European are two distinct EU institutions that often baffles students studying EU la...
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The European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) are two distinct but closely related transnational entities in Europe. European Union Membership: The EU is a political and economic union of 27 European countries that are located primaril...
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Article 28 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) establishes the foundational principle of a customs union within the European Union. The Union shall be based upon a customs union which shall cover all trade in goods and which...
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The principle of subsidiarity is a fundamental concept in the European Union (EU) that guides decision-making and the allocation of responsibilities between the EU and its member states. It is enshrined in the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and is me...
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In EU Law, competence refers to the legal authority or jurisdiction that the EU has in specific policy areas. Competence determines which level of government, whether it is the EU as a whole or individual member states, can make decisions and enact l...
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The European Union does not have a single, comprehensive constitution like many nation-states. Instead, the EU's legal framework is based on a series of treaties and agreements, including the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning...
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The Four Freedoms are core principles of EU law that aim to promote the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the EU's single market. These freedoms are fundamental to the EU's objective of creating a unified economic...
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The rule of law, which ensures that the EU operates as a legal and democratic entity, is enshrined in EU law. It encompasses several key elements that guide the functioning of the EU's institutions and member states within the EU legal framework.Lega...
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The European Union uses different types of legal acts to establish and regulate its policies and laws. These types of EU legal acts allow the EU to establish legal frameworks, set standards, and provide guidance across a wide range of policy areas wh...
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In EU law, the principles of direct effect and indirect effect are legal doctrines that determine how EU laws, particularly EU regulations and directives, are applied and enforced within the legal systems of EU member states.Direct effect: Direct eff...
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The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU Charter) is a legally binding document that sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms protected within the European Union. It was proclaimed in December 2000 and became legally binding wi...
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The supremacy of European Union law is a fundamental principle of EU law that establishes the hierarchy of legal norms within the legal system of the European Union. It essentially means that EU law takes precedence over national laws of EU member st...
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The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank of the Eurozone, which is composed of the countries that have adopted the euro as their currency. The ECB plays a pivotal role in ensuring price stability, conducting monetary policy, and overseeing...
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The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the judicial institution of the European Union. It ensures the uniform interpretation and application of EU law across member states, safeguards the rights of individuals and businesses, and contri...
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The Council of the European Union, often referred to simply as the Council, is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents the member states and plays a crucial role in the EU's decision-making process. Here are some key aspects...
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The European Parliament is one of the key institutions of the European Union and represents EU citizens at the European level. Directly elected by EU citizens and acting as the legislative body of the EU, it plays a central role in the EU's legislati...
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The European Council is an institution of the European Union that brings together the heads of state or government of EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. It serves as a foru...
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The European Commission, often simply referred to as the Commission, is one of the principal institutions of the European Union. As the executive branch and administrative body of the EU, it plays a central role in the EU's governance, policymaking, ...
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The European Union has several institutions that play key roles in its governance and decision-making processes. These institutions are the major pillars of the EU ensuring the functioning, democratic representation, and administration of the EU.Euro...
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The Treaty of Nice, also known as the Nice Treaty, is an international agreement that amended the functioning of the European Union. It was signed on February 26, 2001, and entered into force on February 1, 2003. The treaty aimed to reform the EU's i...
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Legal Writing
In the world of punctuation, few topics have sparked as much debate and controversy as the Oxford comma, also known as the serial comma. This seemingly innocuous punctuation mark, which is placed before the final "and" or "or" in a li...
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Crafting an essay that flows fluently from one idea to the next is akin to leading a reader through a well-organised, intriguing pathway of knowledge. In the context of law assignments, where the complexity of information and the precision of argumen...
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The terms 'state', 'nation', and 'country' are often used interchangeably in everyday language, but they have distinct meanings in political science and international relations. Understanding the differences is key to grasping the nuances of global a...
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ab extra – from outsideab initio – from the beginningabsolutio – acquittal accessorius – accessory accusatio – accusation actio – action ad hominem – against the personad infinitum – to infinityad litem – for the lawsuitad valorem...
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Both "convicted for" and "convicted of" are commonly used, but they are used in slightly different contexts.Convicted ofConvicted of is used when referring to the specific crime or offence for which a person has been found guilty.ExamplesHe was convi...
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Legal writing is an indispensable skill for anyone navigating the intricate landscape of the law. Whether you're a law student, legal professional, or a keen enthusiast, the ability to convey complex legal concepts with clarity and precision is param...
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The prevalence of essay mills and the temptation to hire ghostwriters pose significant ethical dilemmas for law students. Law students face an array of pressures, from challenging coursework to the need for top-notch grades. The demands of legal educ...
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The conclusion of a law essay serves as a crucial component, providing a final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on your reader. It is your chance to succinctly summarise the key points, reinforce your thesis, and leave your audience with a s...
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The terms "court", "the court", "courts", and "the courts" have different meanings. Their usage depends on the context and whether you are referring to court in a general or specific sense.Court This term refers to the general concept of a legal foru...
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The terms "law", "the law", "laws", and "the laws" have different meanings. Their usage depends on the context and whether you are referring to law in a general or specific sense. Law This term refers to the general concept of rules and regulations g...
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Hyphens, em dashes, and en dashes are all punctuation marks used in writing, but they serve different purposes and have distinct lengths. Hyphen (-)The hyphen is the shortest of the three marks and is primarily used to join words together or separate...
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Writing is an important part of being a law student as well as a lawyer. It is therefore important for you to develop effective writing skills at an early stage of your legal education because effective writing will form the basis for legal communica...
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Developing strong legal drafting skills is essential for lawyers and legal professionals. Although improving your drafting skills is an ongoing process, there are 10 tips you can follow to become a more effective and persuasive writer.Understand...
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When it comes to avoiding plagiarism, it is important to rewrite information in your own words and provide proper citations. Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas without giving them credit. To avoid plagiarism, follow these ste...
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The English language boasts an array of fascinating words, including some of extraordinary length. This introduction will provide a glimpse into the world of the 20 longest words in English. From technical terms to tongue twisters, these words demons...
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Legal writing requires the precise and clear articulation of legal concepts, rules, and arguments in both written and spoken forms. Having a firm grasp of legal English grammar is essential for the success of law students and legal professionals. You...
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In grammar, a transition is a word or phrase that connects one idea or sentence to another. It helps to create coherence and flow in writing, making it easier for readers to understand the relationship between different ideas. Examples of transition ...
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Particulars of claim are a legal document that sets out the factual and legal basis of a party's claim in a civil lawsuit. Candidates taking the SQE are often required to draft this kind of document as part of the legal drafting assessment. The purpo...
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Passive voice is a grammatical construction where the subject of a sentence receives the action of the verb, rather than performing the action. In passive voice, the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. In legal writing, the ...
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Legal writing is a type of writing used by lawyers, judges, and other legal professionals to communicate legal information and arguments to others. It is typically more formal and technical than other types of writing, and may sometimes involves comp...
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Legal drafting is an important skill that is tested in the solicitors qualifying exam (SQE). It assesses the ability of candidates to draft or edit legal documents in a clear, concise, and logical manner.The assessment is marked by trained solicitors...
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Legal drafting is the process of writing legal documents, such as contracts, agreements, wills, deeds, and pleadings, in a clear, concise, and legally accurate manner. Legal drafting requires a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, regulations...
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Legal English has several unique features that set it apart from standard English. Some of the most important features of legal English include:Use of technical terminology: Legal English incorporates a significant amount of technical terminology tha...
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Legal English is a specialised variety of the English language used in legal writing. It is formal English which differs from the ordinary use in terms of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics. However, it does not have to be hard, and i...
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Legal drafting is a writing process that manipulates facts to achieve a predictable and planned legal result your client desires. Lawyers are often required to prepare documents that make the law operate in such a manner as to accomplish the client’s...
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Your perfect companion for open-book and closed-book exams
Diagrams and Charts
Our carefully designed diagrams and charts will guide you through complex legal issues.
Clear and Succinct Definitions
Key concepts are concisely defined to help you understand legal topics quickly.
Statutory Provisions
Statutory provisions are provided side by side with legal concepts to help you swiftly locate the relevant legislation.
Case Summaries
We have summarised important cases for you so that you don't need to read long and boring cases.
Rules and Exceptions
Rules and exceptions are clearly listed so that you know when a rule applies and when it doesn't.
Terminology
Legal terms and key concepts are explained at the beginning of each chapter to help you learn efficiently.
Case Law
Case law is provided side by side with legal concepts so that you know how legal principles and precedents were established.
Law Essay Guide
You will learn essential law exam skills and essay writing techniques that are not taught in class.
Problem Question Guide
We will show you how to answer problem questions step by step to achieve first-class results.
Structured Explanations
Complex legal concepts are broken down into concise and digestible bullet point explanations.
Legal Research
You will learn legal research techniques with our study guide and become a proficient legal researcher.
Exam-focused
All essential concepts, principles, and case law are included so that you can answer exam questions quickly.