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Prosecutor's Fallacy
The Prosecutor's Fallacy is a cognitive or logical error that can occur in the context of legal proceedings, particularly during the presentation of evidence in criminal trials. This fallacy occurs when a prosecutor misrepresents or misinterprets sta...
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Criminal Justice Act 2003
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is a significant piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced comprehensive reforms to various aspects of the criminal justice system. It received Royal Assent on November 20, 2003, and its provisions have ...
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Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is a higher chamber within the ECtHR, which is a supranational court established to hear cases related to alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Grand ...
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Collateral Evidence
In Evidence Law, collateral evidence refers to evidence that is introduced for a purpose other than proving or disproving a fact that is directly in dispute in a case. Collateral evidence is typically introduced to impeach or attack the credibility o...
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Collateral in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, the term collateral typically refers to evidence or matters that are not directly related to the central issues in a case but may be introduced for a limited purpose. Collateral evidence is often introduced to attack or support a wit...
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Collateral Issue in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, the term collateral issue refers to a concept that limits the extent to which evidence can be introduced during a trial. The principle of collateral issues is designed to ensure that trials remain focused on the central issues and do...
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Corroboration in Evidence Law
In Evidence Law, corroboration refers to the independent confirmation or support of a fact or statement by additional evidence or witnesses. It plays a significant role in legal proceedings by enhancing the credibility and reliability of the evidence...
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Probative Value
In Evidence Law, the probative value of evidence refers to the extent to which that evidence tends to prove or disprove a fact in question. It is a fundamental concept in the assessment of evidence in legal proceedings, and it plays a crucial role in...
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Defamation
Defamation is a legal term that refers to the act of making false statements about an individual, business, or entity that harm their reputation. These false statements can be either spoken (slander) or written (libel) and are typically communicated ...
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Primary Publisher in Defamation Laws
In defamation laws, the primary publisher refers to the person or entity that initially publishes or communicates the defamatory statement to a third party. Defamation occurs when false statements are made that harm the reputation of an individual or...
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Secondary Publisher in Defamation Laws
In defamation laws, a secondary publisher refers to a person or entity that repeats or republishes defamatory statements made by another party. The primary publisher is typically the original source or author of the defamatory statement, while the se...
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Voidable Contracts
A voidable contract is a type of contract in which one party has the option to either enforce the contract or void it without liability, at their discretion. This means that while the contract is initially valid and binding, certain circumstances or ...
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Void Contracts
In Contract Law, a void contract is a type of contract that is fundamentally unenforceable and has no legal effect from the moment it was created. In other words, it is as if the contract never existed. Void contracts are void from the beginning (voi...
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Repudiation in Contract Law
In Contract Law, repudiation refers to a situation where one party to a contract communicates, through words or actions, an intention not to fulfil his obligations under the contract. Repudiation is a serious breach of contract that gives the innocen...
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Rescission in Contract Law
In Contract Law, rescission is an equitable remedy that allows one party to cancel a contract under certain circumstances where a contractual party has been subjected to a vitiating factor, such as misrepresentation, mistake, duress, or undue influen...
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Self-incrimination
Self-incrimination is indeed the act of exposing oneself to an accusation or charge of a crime, typically by making a statement that could implicate oneself or another person in a criminal prosecution or its potential risks. This concept is fundament...
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Article 18 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 18 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a crucial provision that reinforces the principle that restrictions on the rights and freedoms protected by the Convention must not be abused or used for purposes other than those prescr...
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Article 17 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a unique provision that addresses the prevention of abuse of rights. It is often referred to as the abuse of rights clause and is intended to prevent individuals or groups from using the...
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Article 16 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 16 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the limitation on restrictions on the political activities of foreigners. It aims to strike a balance between protecting the democratic process and allowing member states to regul...
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Article 15 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a provision that allows for the suspension of certain Convention rights in times of emergency. It is a safeguard mechanism that permits member states to take exceptional measures during ...
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Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention. It is a foundational provision that complements and reinforces the Conv...
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Article 13 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the right to an effective remedy before national authorities for violations of the rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. This article ensures that individuals have acce...
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Article 12 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) addresses the right to marry and the right to found a family. This article recognises the importance of individuals' freedom to marry and establish a family without undue interference from ...
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Principle of Proportionality
The principle of proportionality is a fundamental legal and constitutional concept used in many legal systems, including international law, to ensure that government actions and restrictions on rights are balanced and do not go beyond what is necessa...
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Article 11 of European Convention on Human Rights
Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) safeguards the right to freedom of assembly and association. It protects individuals' rights to come together in peaceful gatherings, form associations or organisations, and engage in ...
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Case Law

Chen and Zhu v Home Secretary 2004 | EU Law
C-200/02 Chen v Home Secretary 2004, officially known as Man Lavette Chen and Kunqian Catherine Zhu v Secretary of State for the Home Department, was a significant decision by the European Court of Justice. concerning nationality law and the right to...
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Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom 2009 | Evidence
Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom (2009) is a landmark judgment by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning the application of the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The case inv...
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R v Horncastle 2009 | Evidence
R v Horncastle & Others (2009) UKSC 14 was a significant decision by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom that dealt with the admissibility of hearsay evidence in criminal trials and its compatibility with the right to a fair trial as guarante...
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McLibel Case | Tort Law
The McLibel case, officially known as McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris (1997) EWHC 366 (QB), refers to a famous and lengthy legal battle between McDonald's Corporation and two activists, Helen Steel and Dave Morris, from the UK. The case i...
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Best v Chief Land Registrar 2015 | Land Law
R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar (2015) EWCA Civ 17 deals with the concept of adverse possession in property law, specifically in the context of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO 2012) in Engla...
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R v R 1991 | Criminal Law
R v R (1991) UKHL 12 was a pivotal legal decision in the United Kingdom, establishing that it is a crime for a husband to rape his wife, effectively abolishing marital rape exemption under common law.The defendant, R, married his wife in 1984, but th...
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R v Chaytor 2010 | Public Law
R v Chaytor (2010) UKSC 52 was a landmark legal case decided by the UK Supreme Court in 2010. This case is commonly known as the Chaytor case and is related to the prosecution of three former Members of Parliament for false accounting in connection w...
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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union 2017 | Public Law
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (2017) UKSC 5, also known as Miller I, was a pivotal legal case decided by the UK Supreme Court on January 24, 2017. This case revolved around the fundamental question of whether the Brit...
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R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland 2019 | Public Law
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland (2019) UKSC 41, commonly referred to as Miller II or Miller/Cherry, were joint landmark constitutional law cases on the limits of the power of royal prerogative used by the Go...
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R v Wilson 1997 | Criminal Law
R v Wilson (1997) QB 47 is a well-known case in English criminal law decided by the Court of Appeal, establishing the rule that consent to acts that may cause actual bodily harm is a valid consent. It was distinguished from R v Brown (1993), where co...
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R v Brown 1994 | Criminal Law
R v Brown (1993) UKHL 19, (1994) 1 AC 212 is a landmark case in English criminal law decided by the House of Lords. It is often referred to as the Spanner case due to the nature of the activities involved. This case established the principle that con...
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Shelby County v Holder 2013 | US Supreme Court Case
Shelby County v Holder (2013) 570 US 529 is a significant US Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Sections 4 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This case had a major impact on voting rights in the United States, particularly wi...
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Brown v Board of Education of Topeka 1954 | US Supreme Court Case
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 347 US 483 is one of the most important and influential Supreme Court cases in US history, addressing the issue of racial segregation in public schools. It was ruled that US state laws establishing racial s...
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Loving v Virginia 1967 | US Supreme Court Case
Loving v Virginia (1967) 388 US 1 is a landmark Supreme Court case that was decided in 1967. This case played a pivotal role in ending racial segregation in the United States and is particularly significant for its impact on interracial marriage.The ...
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Obergefell v Hodges 2015 | US Supreme Court Case
Obergefell v Hodges (2015) 576 US 644 is a landmark Supreme Court case in US constitutional law that was decided in 2015. This case addressed the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage and established marriage equality as the law of the...
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District of Columbia v Heller 2008 | US Supreme Court Case
District of Columbia v Heller (2008) 554 US 570 is a landmark Supreme Court case clarifying that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms for lawful purposes unrelated to militia service, striking down the District of C...
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McDonald v City of Chicago 2010 | US Supreme Court Case
McDonald v City of Chicago (2010) 561 US 742 is a landmark Supreme Court case clarifying that the Second Amendment's protection of an individual's right to keep and bear arms applies to state and local governments through incorporation via the Fourte...
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American Cyanamid v Ethicon 1975 | Civil Procedure
American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975) UKHL 1 is a landmark case in English law that laid down important principles regarding the granting of interlocutory injunctions, which is an interim court order issued during the course of a legal proceeding...
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Saunders v Vautier 1841 | Trusts Law
Saunders v Vautier (1841) EWHC J82 is a landmark case in English trusts law that established the rule allowing beneficiaries with vested interests in a trust to terminate the trust and demand the immediate distribution of trust property even if the t...
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R v Jogee (Ameen Hassan) 2016 | Criminal Law
R v Jogee (2016) UKSC 8, also known as the Jogee case, was a landmark decision by the UK Supreme Court in 2016 that clarified the law on joint enterprise. The case involved the doctrine of joint enterprise, which allowed individuals to be held crimin...
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Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation 1948 | Public Law
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (1948) 1 KB 223, often referred to as the Wednesbury case, is a landmark decision in English administrative law that set a standard for the review of administrative decisions based on ...
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Street v Mountford 1985 | Property Law
Street v Mountford (1985) UKHL 4 is a significant decision in English property law that clarified the distinction between a tenancy agreement and a licence agreement. The case involved a dispute between Mountford, the occupier of a property, and Stre...
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R v Makanjuola 1995 | Evidence
R v Makanjuola (1995) 1 WLR 1348 is a legal case that was decided in 1995 and is often cited as an important authority on the approach courts should take when dealing with warnings about the uncorroborated evidence of accomplices or complainants in s...
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Royal British Bank v Turquand 1856 | Company Law
Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 E&B 327, also known as the Turquand's Case, is a landmark company law case that established the indoor management rule or the Turquand Rule to protect the rights of bona fide third parties who enter into tra...
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JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham 2002 | Property Law
J A Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Others v Graham and another (2002) UKHL 30 is a significant case that deals with the concept of adverse possession in the context of land ownership in the United Kingdom. The case involved a dispute between JA Pye (Oxford) Lt...
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English Law

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) is a significant piece of legislation in the UK that governs police powers and procedures in England and Wales concerning the detention, interrogation, and treatment of individuals in police custody, a...
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Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 is an important piece of legislation in the UK that made substantial changes to various aspects of criminal law and public order. It introduced a range of measures related to policing, public order, crim...
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Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (YJCE) is a piece of legislation in the UK that made significant changes to the rules and procedures governing the treatment of young people in the criminal justice system and introduced reforms relate...
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Defences to Defamation under Defamation Act 2013
The Defamation Act 2013 is a piece of legislation that significantly reformed defamation law in England and Wales. It came into force on January 1, 2014, and introduced several important statutory defences to defamation.Serious harm requirement: The ...
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Conspiracy to Defraud
Conspiracy to defraud is a legal term that refers to a criminal offence where two or more individuals conspire or agree to engage in fraudulent activities with the intent to deceive or harm others, typically for financial gain. This offence is both a...
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European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017, often simply referred to as the Notification Act, is a piece of legislation passed by the UK Parliament in response to the legal judgment in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the Eur...
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Prorogation of Parliament
Prorogation in the Westminster system of government involves the temporary suspension or interruption of a parliamentary session without the dissolution of the parliament. During prorogation, the Parliament or legislative body temporarily stops its m...
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Fundamental Principles of UK Constitution
The United Kingdom does not have a single written constitution like many other countries. Instead, its constitution is comprised of a combination of written and unwritten sources, including statutes, conventions, judicial decisions, and historical do...
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Brief History of Legal Education in UK
The history of legal education in the United Kingdom is a rich, long and evolving story that has seen significant developments over the centuries. In England and Wales, legal education has undergone continuous changes in curriculum, assessment method...
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Equity Law
Equity law, often simply referred to as equity, is a branch of law that developed historically in England as a complementary system to common law. It is characterised by its focus on principles of fairness, justice, and conscience, and it provides re...
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Brief History of Equity Law
The history of equity law is a fascinating journey that runs parallel to the development of common law in England, shaping the legal landscape and the pursuit of justice. Equity law emerged as a response to the perceived limitations and rigidity of c...
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Brief History of Common Law
Common law is a unique legal system that relies on judicial precedents and principles of equity to guide legal judgments. Although common law originated in England, it has played a pivotal role in shaping the legal traditions of many countries around...
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CPR Overriding Objective
The overriding objective is a fundamental principle in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) in England and Wales. It serves as a guiding principle for the conduct of civil litigation in the courts and underpins the entire CPR framework. The primary purpos...
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Criminal Courts in England and Wales
Criminal courts in England and Wales are responsible for hearing cases related to criminal offences. The legal system is complex and includes several types of criminal courts, each with its own specific functions and jurisdiction.Magistrates' Court: ...
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Civil Courts in England and Wales
Civil courts in England and Wales handle a wide range of legal matters related to disputes between individuals, organisations, and other entities. These courts are responsible for resolving non-criminal cases, including contract disputes, personal in...
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Pre-action Protocols
Pre-action protocols are formal guidelines and procedures in the English legal system that parties involved in a potential dispute or legal claim are expected to follow before commencing formal legal proceedings. These protocols are designed to encou...
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Five Stages of English Litigation Process
The English litigation process involves five distinct stages, each with its own set of procedures and objectives. These stages are designed to ensure that disputes are resolved fairly and efficiently within the framework of the legal system.Stage 1: ...
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American Cyanamid Principles
The American Cyanamid principles, established in the case of American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975), are a set of guidelines used by courts in the UK to determine whether to grant an interim injunction. These principles are designed to strike a ba...
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Private Residence Relief
Private Residence Relief (PRR), also known as Principal Private Residence Relief, is a tax relief scheme in the UK that can reduce or eliminate the Capital Gains Tax (CGT) liability when you sell or dispose of your main residence (your home). It is d...
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Definition of Self-Employment
In UK employment law, self-employment is a specific employment status in which an individual, often referred to as a self-employed worker or sole trader, operates as an independent business and provides services to clients or customers. This employme...
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Definition of Contractor
In UK employment law, a contractor is an individual or entity that provides services to another party (often referred to as the client or principal) under the terms of a contract for services. Contractors are not considered employees, and their legal...
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Definition of Employment
In UK employment law, employment refers to a specific legal relationship between an individual (the employee or worker) and an entity or person (the employer) where the individual agrees to perform work or services in exchange for remuneration. This ...
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UK Employment Law
UK employment law encompasses a wide range of legal regulations and protections that govern the relationship between employers and employees, primarily in Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) where employment matters are not devolved.Jurisdic...
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Redundancy Procedures
Redundancy procedures refers to the process that employers must follow when they need to make employees redundant under UK employment law. Redundancy occurs when an employer needs to reduce its workforce, either because the business is scaling down, ...
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Definition of Employer
In UK employment law, an employer is an entity or person, such as a company, organisation, or individual, that hires and engages individuals (employees or workers) to perform work or services for remuneration.Legal definition: An employer is defined ...
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US Law

Standards of Proof in US Law
The legal system of the United States employs various standards of proof, which determine the level of evidence required to establish a fact or prove a case. These standards of proof vary depending on the type of legal proceeding, such as civil, crim...
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Self-incrimination in United States
Self-incrimination is a legal concept that refers to the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which states that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. This means that individuals have the righ...
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Fifth Amendment to US Constitution
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the ten amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. It contains several important protections for individuals involved in the American legal system, particularly in criminal cases. No pe...
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Federal Government vs State Government
Federal and state governments in the United States are two distinct levels of government, each with its own set of powers, responsibilities, and jurisdictions. They share authority and collaborate on certain matters, but they also operate independent...
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Equality before Law in United States
Equality before the law is a fundamental principle of the legal system in the United States. It refers to the concept that all individuals, regardless of their background, social status, wealth, race, ethnicity, gender, or any other personal characte...
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Rule of Law in United States
The rule of law is a fundamental concept in the United States, and it refers to the principle that all individuals and institutions, including government officials and entities, are subject to and accountable under the law. This concept ensures that ...
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Fundamental Principles of US Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land and serves as the foundation for the American system of government. It is based on several fundamental principles that shape the country's governance and protect the rights of its citizens...
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Stand-Your-Ground Law
A stand-your-ground law is a type of self-defence law that exists in certain US states. These laws allow a person to use force, including deadly force, to defend himself without a legal obligation to retreat first. In other words, he can stand his gr...
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Reconstruction Amendments to US Constitution
The Reconstruction Amendments, consisting of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the US Constitution, were a series of constitutional amendments ratified in the aftermath of the American Civil War. They were intended to address cr...
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Fifteenth Amendment to US Constitution
The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution is one of the Reconstruction Amendments, along with the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. It was ratified on February 3, 1870, and it addresses the issue of voting rights, specifically with regard to...
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that aimed to address and eliminate racial discrimination in voting. This Act is considered one of the most important laws in the history of civil rights and played...
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is one of the most significant pieces of civil rights legislation in US history. It was enacted to address racial segregation, discrimination, and inequality, particularly against African Americans. Before the Civil Right...
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Doctrine of Incorporation
The doctrine of incorporation, also known as the doctrine of selective incorporation, is a legal principle in United States constitutional law that determines how and to what extent the protections and provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to state ...
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Fourth Amendment to US Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the most significant and far-reaching amendments in American constitutional history. Ratified on July 9, 1868, it addresses various issues related to civil rights and equal protecti...
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Second Amendment to US Constitution
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the ten amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the Bill of Rights, which were added to the Constitution to protect individual libert...
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Role of Second Amendment in Gun Violence
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects the right to bear arms, is often cited in discussions about gun violence in the United States. However, it is important to note that the Second Amendment itself does not inherentl...
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Why Is It Difficult to Implement Gun Control in United States
In the United States, banning people from having access to firearms as a way to reduce gun violence is challenging for several reasons, reflecting the complex nature of the issue and the unique historical and cultural context of the country.Second Am...
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Impact of California Proposition 47 on Crime Rate
California Proposition 47, passed in 2014, aimed to reduce incarceration rates for nonviolent offences by reclassifying certain offences from felonies to misdemeanours. The impact of Proposition 47 on crime rates has been a subject of debate and stud...
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Effects of California Proposition 47
California Proposition 47, commonly known as the Safe Neighbourhoods and Schools Act, has had a significant impact on the state's criminal justice landscape. This ballot initiative, passed in 2014, brought about substantial changes by reclassifying c...
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California Proposition 47
California Proposition 47, also known as the Safe Neighbourhoods and Schools Act, was a ballot initiative that was passed by California voters in November 2014. This proposition made significant changes to the state's criminal justice system by ...
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Jilted Husband Can Sue His Wife’s Lover for Infidel Damages
In the state of North Carolina, a curious legal relic from the past continues to cast its shadow on matters of the heart. Known as heart-balm torts or marital torts, these archaic laws allow a jilted husband the right to sue his wife’s lover for what...
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Nolo Contendere
Nolo contendere is a legal term with its origins in Latin, meaning 'I do not wish to contend' or 'I do not wish to contest'. It is also referred to as a no contest plea. This plea option is available in some jurisdictions within t...
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Pros and Cons of Limited Liability Company
A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is form of limited private company in the United State that offers a combination of benefits and drawbacks for entrepreneurs and small business owners. It is a popular form of business structure that combines the lim...
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Motion to Suppress
In the US criminal justice system, the motion to suppress is a legal filing made by a party (often the defence) in a criminal case, seeking the exclusion of specific evidence from being admitted or used during trial. The purpose of filing a motion to...
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Suppression of Evidence
Suppression of evidence is a legal concept that involves the exclusion of certain evidence from being presented or used in a trial or legal proceeding. It is a significant issue in criminal law and constitutional law of the United States, particularl...
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EU Law

Principle of Subsidiarity
The principle of subsidiarity is a fundamental concept in the European Union (EU) that guides decision-making and the allocation of responsibilities between the EU and its member states. It is enshrined in the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and is me...
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EU Competence
In EU Law, competence refers to the legal authority or jurisdiction that the EU has in specific policy areas. Competence determines which level of government, whether it is the EU as a whole or individual member states, can make decisions and enact l...
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Fundamental Principles of EU Law
The European Union does not have a single, comprehensive constitution like many nation-states. Instead, the EU's legal framework is based on a series of treaties and agreements, including the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning...
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Four Freedoms of EU Law
The Four Freedoms are core principles of EU law that aim to promote the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the EU's single market. These freedoms are fundamental to the EU's objective of creating a unified economic...
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Rule of Law in EU
The rule of law, which ensures that the EU operates as a legal and democratic entity, is enshrined in EU law. It encompasses several key elements that guide the functioning of the EU's institutions and member states within the EU legal framework.Lega...
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7 Types of EU Law
The European Union uses different types of legal acts to establish and regulate its policies and laws. These types of EU legal acts allow the EU to establish legal frameworks, set standards, and provide guidance across a wide range of policy areas wh...
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Direct Effect and Indirect Effect of EU Law
In EU law, the principles of direct effect and indirect effect are legal doctrines that determine how EU laws, particularly EU regulations and directives, are applied and enforced within the legal systems of EU member states.Direct effect: Direct eff...
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Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU Charter)
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU Charter) is a legally binding document that sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms protected within the European Union. It was proclaimed in December 2000 and became legally binding wi...
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Supremacy of European Union Law
The supremacy of European Union law is a fundamental principle of EU law that establishes the hierarchy of legal norms within the legal system of the European Union. It essentially means that EU law takes precedence over national laws of EU member st...
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European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank of the Eurozone, which is composed of the countries that have adopted the euro as their currency. The ECB plays a pivotal role in ensuring price stability, conducting monetary policy, and overseeing...
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Court of Justice of the European Union
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the judicial institution of the European Union. It ensures the uniform interpretation and application of EU law across member states, safeguards the rights of individuals and businesses, and contri...
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Council of the European Union
The Council of the European Union, often referred to simply as the Council, is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents the member states and plays a crucial role in the EU's decision-making process. Here are some key aspects...
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European Parliament
The European Parliament is one of the key institutions of the European Union and represents EU citizens at the European level. Directly elected by EU citizens and acting as the legislative body of the EU, it plays a central role in the EU's legislati...
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European Council
The European Council is an institution of the European Union that brings together the heads of state or government of EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. It serves as a foru...
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European Commission
The European Commission, often simply referred to as the Commission, is one of the principal institutions of the European Union. As the executive branch and administrative body of the EU, it plays a central role in the EU's governance, policymaking, ...
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Institutions of European Union
The European Union has several institutions that play key roles in its governance and decision-making processes. These institutions are the major pillars of the EU ensuring the functioning, democratic representation, and administration of the EU.Euro...
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Treaty of Nice
The Treaty of Nice, also known as the Nice Treaty, is an international agreement that amended the functioning of the European Union. It was signed on February 26, 2001, and entered into force on February 1, 2003. The treaty aimed to reform the EU's i...
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Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam, also known as the Amsterdam Treaty, is an international agreement that amended the functioning of the European Union. It was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999. The treaty aimed to update and imp...
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Treaty of Lisbon
The Treaty of Lisbon, also known as the Lisbon Treaty, is a major international agreement that amends the functioning of the European Union. It was signed on December 13, 2007, and entered into force on December 1, 2009. The Treaty was a response to ...
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Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of the primary treaties governing the European Union. It was signed on March 25, 1957, in Rome as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and was subsequently renamed a...
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Treaty on European Union
The Treaty on European Union (TEU), also known as the Maastricht Treaty, is a foundational treaty that established the European Union and laid the groundwork for its development as a political and economic union. It was signed on November 7, 1991, an...
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European Union
The European Union, commonly abbreviated as the EU, is a political and economic union comprised of 27 member states primarily located in Europe. It was established with the aim of promoting peace, stability, and prosperity among its member countries....
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What Is EU Law?
EU law refers to the body of law that applies to the member states of the European Union. It is a unique legal system that governs the functioning of the EU and its member countries. EU law is comprised of treaties, regulations, directives, case law,...
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Basel I
Basel I, also known as the Basel Accord, is an international regulatory framework for banking supervision developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It was introduced in 1988 with the goal of promoting stability in the international ban...
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Basel II
Basel II is an international regulatory framework for banking supervision developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It was introduced in 2004 as an update to the original Basel Accord, commonly known as Basel I, which was implemented i...
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Legal Writing

Court vs the Court vs Courts vs the Courts
The terms "court", "the court", "courts", and "the courts" have different meanings. Their usage depends on the context and whether you are referring to court in a general or specific sense.Court This term refers to the general concept of a legal foru...
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Law vs the law v Laws vs the Laws
The terms "law", "the law", "laws", and "the laws" have different meanings. Their usage depends on the context and whether you are referring to law in a general or specific sense. Law This term refers to the general concept of rules and regulations g...
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How to Use Hyphens, Em Dashes, and En Dashes?
Hyphens, em dashes, and en dashes are all punctuation marks used in writing, but they serve different purposes and have distinct lengths. Hyphen (-)The hyphen is the shortest of the three marks and is primarily used to join words together or separate...
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Essential Writing Tips for Law Students
Writing is an important part of being a law student as well as a lawyer. It is therefore important for you to develop effective writing skills at an early stage of your legal education because effective writing will form the basis for legal communica...
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Top 12 Tips for Better Legal Drafting
Developing strong legal drafting skills is essential for lawyers and legal professionals. Although improving your drafting skills is an ongoing process, there are 10 tips you can follow to become a more effective and persuasive writer.Understand...
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How to Avoid Plagiarism?
When it comes to avoiding plagiarism, it is important to rewrite information in your own words and provide proper citations. Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas without giving them credit. To avoid plagiarism, follow these ste...
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20 Longest English Words That Baffle Lawyers
The English language boasts an array of fascinating words, including some of extraordinary length. This introduction will provide a glimpse into the world of the 20 longest words in English. From technical terms to tongue twisters, these words demons...
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Grammar for Legal Writing
Legal writing requires the precise and clear articulation of legal concepts, rules, and arguments in both written and spoken forms. Having a firm grasp of legal English grammar is essential for the success of law students and legal professionals. You...
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Transition vs Conjunction
Transition vs Conjunction
In grammar, a transition is a word or phrase that connects one idea or sentence to another. It helps to create coherence and flow in writing, making it easier for readers to understand the relationship between different ideas. Examples of transition ...
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Drafting Particulars of Claim for SQE
Particulars of claim are a legal document that sets out the factual and legal basis of a party's claim in a civil lawsuit. Candidates taking the SQE are often required to draft this kind of document as part of the legal drafting assessment. The purpo...
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Passive Voice in Legal Writing
Passive Voice in Legal Writing
Passive voice is a grammatical construction where the subject of a sentence receives the action of the verb, rather than performing the action. In passive voice, the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. In legal writing, the ...
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