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Commercial Law

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Commercial Law is an essential module you cannot miss if you plan to become a commercial and corporate lawyer. However, you should be aware that the amount of information you need to digest is absolutely insane. Forget about the subject guide and textbook which will ill-prepare you for the exam. You are advised to study this module together with Property Law (Land Law) because they share many similar legal concepts. Commercial law primarily deals with personal property while Property Law mainly deals with real property. If you study both modules with us, you will get a full picture how the law of property operates in common law jurisdictions.

Topics
1. Introduction
2. Personal Property
4. Agency
5. Authority of Agents
6. Types of Agents
7. Ratification
8. Agency Relationships
9. Credit and Security
10. Assignment and Set-off
9. Classification of Goods
10. Sale of Goods
11. Sale of Services
12. Passing of Property
13. Passing of Risk
14. Demo Dat Rule
15. Contract Terms
16. Delivery and Payment
17. Terms Implied by SGA
18. Terms Implied by CRA
19. Remedies for Buyers
20. Remedies for Sellers
21. International Sales
22. Fob Contracts
23. Cif Contracts
24. Bill of Exchange
25. Banking
26. Documentary Credit

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Law Blog

Theft under Theft Act 1968
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Robbery under Theft Act 1968
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Theft Act 1968
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Burglary under Theft Act 1968
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Fraud in Fraud Act 2006
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Case Law

R v Allen 1985 | Criminal Law
R v Allen (1985) AC 1029 is a notable case decided by the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. The case involved the interpretation of the offence of making off without payment under the Theft Act 1968.In this case, Allen stayed at a hotel for nearl...
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uollb first class law notes
Collins v Wilcock 1984 | Criminal Law
Collins v Wilcock (1984) 3 All ER 374 is an appellate case that concerns trespass to the person. Specifically, the court considered the definition of battery and the circumstances in which an individual's actions could be considered unlawful tou...
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Addie v Dumbreck 1929 | Tort Law
Addie v Dumbreck 1929 | Tort Law
In Addie v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358, the House of Lords considered the liability of a landowner for the death of a child trespasser. It established that a landowner has no duty of care to trespassers as long as he does not intentionally or maliciously ...
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British Railways Board v Herrington 1972 | Tort Law
British Railways Board v Herrington 1972 | Tort Law
In British Railways Board v Herrington (1972) AC 877, the House of Lords departed from the previous decision in Addie v Dumbreck and held that the defendant railway company owed a duty of care to trespassers, specifically to a six-year-old boy who su...
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Carltona v Commissioners of Works 1943 | Public Law
Carltona v Commissioners of Works 1943 | Public Law
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MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 | Constitutional Law
MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 | Constitutional Law
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R v Dytham 1979 | Criminal Law
R v Dytham 1979 | Criminal Law
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R v Pagett 1983 | Criminal Law
R v Pagett 1983 | Criminal Law
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R v Stone and Dobinson 1977 | Criminal Law
R v Stone and Dobinson 1977 | Criminal Law
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R v Adomako 1994 | Criminal Law
R v Adomako 1994 | Criminal Law
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Smith v Leech Brain (1962) | Tort Law
Smith v Leech Brain (1962) | Tort Law
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R v Blaue (1975) | Criminal Law
R v Blaue (1975) | Criminal Law
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R v Hayward (1908) | Criminal Law
R v Hayward (1908) | Criminal Law
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Entick v Carrington 1765 | Constitutional Law
Entick v Carrington 1765 | Constitutional Law
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Young v Bristol Aeroplane 1944 | English Legal System
Young v Bristol Aeroplane 1944 | English Legal System
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A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004 | Public Law
A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004 | Public Law
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A and Others v United Kingdom 2009 | Public Law
A and Others v United Kingdom 2009 | Public Law
Commonly referred to as the Belmarsh case, A and Others v the United Kingdom is a landmark case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 2009. The case involved a group of individuals who were arrested and detained in HM Prison Belmarsh by th...
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Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 1984 | EU Law
Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 1984 | EU Law
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Costa v ENEL 1964 | EU Law
Costa v ENEL 1964 | EU Law
Flaminio Costa v ENEL, also known as Case 6/64, was a landmark ruling by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1964. It established the principle of the supremacy of EU law over national law in EU member states.In the case, Flaminio Costa, an Italia...
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Ivey v Genting Casinos 2017 | Criminal Law
Ivey v Genting Casinos 2017 | Criminal Law
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R v Ghosh 1982 | Criminal Law
R v Ghosh 1982 | Criminal Law
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Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire 1987 | Tort Law
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire 1987 | Tort Law
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1987] UKHL 12, [1989] AC 53 was a significant case in English tort law that established the concept of a duty of care in relation to the police's duty to protect the public from harm caused by third parties.T...
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Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police 2018 | Tort Law
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police 2018 | Tort Law
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2018] UKSC 4 is a landmark case in English tort law that deals with the issue of whether a duty of care exists in situations involving the police and members of the public.The case involved an elde...
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Barrett v London Borough of Enfield 1999 | Tort Law
Barrett v London Borough of Enfield 1999 | Tort Law
Barrett v London Borough of Enfield [1999] UKHL 2 is a landmark case in English law that dealt with the issue of local authority liability for the care of children in their care. The case involved a man who had spent his childhood in foster care and ...
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Murphy v Brentwood District Council 1991 | Tort Loss
Murphy v Brentwood District Council 1991 | Tort Loss
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2, [1991] 1 AC 398 was a judicial decision of the House of Lords in relation to recovery for pure economic loss in tort. The court overruled the decision Anns v Merton London Borough Council with respec...
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Bar Exams

uollb first class law notes
Eligibility of Foreign Law Degree for New York Bar Exam
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Eligibility of Foreign Qualification for US Bar Exam
Eligibility of Foreign Qualification for US Bar Exam
Foreign law graduates who wish to take the US bar exam must meet certain eligibility and requirements in order to be admitted to practice law in the United States. Here are the general requirements: Eligibility: The eligibility requirements for forei...
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US Bar Exam
US Bar Exam
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California Bar Exam
California Bar Exam
The California Bar Exam is a test that individuals must pass in order to become licensed to practise law in the state of California. The exam is administered by the State Bar of California and consists of both a written portion and a multiple-choice ...
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All India Bar Examination (AIBE) Syllabus 2023
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The All India Bar Exam (AIBE) is a national level exam conducted by the Bar Council of India (BCI) for candidates who have completed their law degrees and wish to practice law in India. The AIBE consists of 100 multiple-choice questions testing ...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Pakistan?
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All India Bar Examination AIBE
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How to Become a Lawyer in India?
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How to Become a Lawyer in California?
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How to Become a Lawyer in New Zealand?
How to Become a Lawyer in New Zealand?
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How to Become a Lawyer in Canada?
How to Become a Lawyer in Canada?
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New York Law Course
New York Law Course
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How to Become a Lawyer in New York?
How to Become a Lawyer in New York?
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New York Law Exam
New York Law Exam
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How to Become a Solicitor in England and Wales?
How to Become a Solicitor in England and Wales?
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How to Become ax Barrister in England and Wales?
How to Become a Barrister in England and Wales?
Becoming a barrister in England and Wales requires a combination of academic qualifications, practical training, and pupillage. The profession is regulated by the General Council of the Bar, and the process of becoming a barrister typically takes sev...
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How to Become a Lawyer in Australia?
How to Become a Lawyer in Australia?
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How to Become a Lawyer in Malaysia?
How to Become a Lawyer in Malaysia?
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How to Become a Lawyer in Singapore?
How to Become a Lawyer in Singapore?
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How to become a barrister in hong kong
How to Become a Barrister in Hong Kong?
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How to Become a Solicitor in Hong Kong?
How to Become a Solicitor in Hong Kong?
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American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct
American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct
The American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct are a set of ethical guidelines that govern the professional conduct of lawyers in the United States. The Model Rules were first adopted in 1983 and have been revised several times sinc...
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Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination MPRE
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The Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam (MPRE) is an exam administered by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) that measures a candidate's knowledge and understanding of the professional conduct rules that govern lawyers' ethical b...
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National Conference of Bar Examiners NCBE
National Conference of Bar Examiners | United States
The National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) is a non-profit organisation that develops and administers standardised tests for bar admission in the United States. The NCBE was founded in 1931 and is based in Madison, Wisconsin.The NCBE is responsi...
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Multistate Bar Examination MBE
Multistate Bar Exam | United States
The Multistate Bar Exam (MBE) is a standardised, multiple-choice test that is administered as part of the bar exam in the United States. The MBE is developed and administered by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE), and is used by most sta...
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Legal English

Transition vs Conjunction
Transition vs Conjunction
In grammar, a transition is a word or phrase that connects one idea or sentence to another. It helps to create coherence and flow in writing, making it easier for readers to understand the relationship between different ideas. Examples of transition ...
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Drafting Particulars of Claim for SQE
Particulars of claim are a legal document that sets out the factual and legal basis of a party's claim in a civil lawsuit. Candidates taking the SQE are often required to draft this kind of document as part of the legal drafting assessment. The purpo...
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Passive Voice in Legal Writing
Passive Voice in Legal Writing
Passive voice is a grammatical construction where the subject of a sentence receives the action of the verb, rather than performing the action. In passive voice, the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. In legal writing, the ...
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Tips for Effective Legal Writing
Tips for Effective Legal Writing
Legal writing is a type of writing used by lawyers, judges, and other legal professionals to communicate legal information and arguments to others. It is typically more formal and technical than other types of writing, and may sometimes involves comp...
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Legal Drafting in SQE
Legal Drafting in SQE
Legal drafting is an important skill that is tested in the solicitors qualifying exam (SQE). It assesses the ability of candidates to draft or edit legal documents in a clear, concise, and logical manner.The assessment is marked by trained solicitors...
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What is Legal Drafting?
What is Legal Drafting?
Legal drafting is the process of writing legal documents, such as contracts, agreements, wills, deeds, and pleadings, in a clear, concise, and legally accurate manner. Legal drafting requires a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, regulations...
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Features of Legal English
Features of Legal English
Legal English has several unique features that set it apart from standard English. Some of the most important features of legal English include:Use of technical terminology: Legal English incorporates a significant amount of technical terminology tha...
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Legal English
Legal English Doesn't Have to Be Hard
Legal English is a specialised variety of the English language used in legal writing. It is formal English which differs from the ordinary use in terms of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics. However, it does not have to be hard, and i...
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Legal Drafting
How to Draft Legal Documents?
Legal drafting is a writing process that manipulates facts to achieve a predictable and planned legal result your client desires. Lawyers are often required to prepare documents that make the law operate in such a manner as to accomplish the client’s...
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Writing Advice for Law Students
Writing Advice for Law Students
The writing advice for law exams and law assignments is the same, but its application varies in these two situations. Many of the following pieces of advice may be forgiven under exam conditions but are non-negotiable in assessed coursework. Anyway, ...
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LLB Exams

How to Handle Online Open-Book Law Exams?
Online exams have become a common form of assessment since the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though the world has gotten back to normal, online assessments continue to be adopted by many universities, including the University of London Worldwide. What make...
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uollb first class law notes
How to Improve Law Exam Skills?
To improve your law exam skills, it is important to focus on both your understanding of the law and your exam preparation strategies. Here are some tips to help you excel in law exams:Understand the exam format: Familiarise yourself with the structur...
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uollb first class law notes
How to Study Law?
Studying law efficiently requires a systematic approach and dedication. Here are some tips to help you learn law effectively:Establish a study routine: Set aside dedicated time for studying law each day. Consistency is key to building a solid foundat...
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Checklist for Answering Problem Questions
Checklist for Answering Problem Questions
When preparing for a law exam that includes problem questions, it can be helpful to have a checklist to ensure you cover all the necessary elements. Here's a checklist you can use:Have I identified the legal issue?Read the problem question carefully ...
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Checklist for First-Class Law Essays
Checklist for First-Class Law Essays
Here is a more detailed law essay checklist to help you cover all the important aspects of writing a comprehensive and well-structured essay:Understanding the questionHave I thoroughly read and understood the essay question or prompt?Have I identifie...
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Steps in Answering Problem Questions in Law Exams
Steps in Answering Problem Questions in Law Exams
For every question, it is essential to understand and apply the relevant law to the given problem scenario. You are advised to be thorough in your analysis, provide well-reasoned arguments, and support your conclusions with legal authority. Here is a...
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Steps to Write First-Class Law Essays
Steps in Writing First-Class Law Essays
Writing a first-class law essay requires a deep understanding of legal principles, critical analysis, and effective communication. Take your time, conduct thorough research, and ensure your arguments are supported by credible sources and legal reason...
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10 Essential Law Exam Skills
10 Essential Law Exam Skills
As a law student, preparing for exams can be a daunting task. There is a lot of material to cover, and you need to be able to analyse and apply the law effectively. However, by mastering certain skills, you can improve your chances of success. Here a...
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Why Should You Predict Exam Questions and How?
Why Should You Predict Exam Questions and How?
Predicting exam questions is important because it helps you focus your study efforts on the most important topics that are likely to be covered on the exam. By understanding what types of questions may be asked, you can develop a study plan that targ...
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Essay Directive Words: The Secret to First-Class Essays
Essay Directive Words: The Secret to First-Class Essays
Essay question words, also known as directive words, are the specific words or phrases used in an essay question that tell the writer what approach they should take when answering the question. These words help to guide the writer and ensure that the...
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How to Excel at Law Exams?
How to Excel at Law Exams?
Law exams can be challenging, but with proper preparation and effective exam-taking strategies, you can improve your skills and increase your chances of success. Here are some tips for improving your skills for a law exam:Review the syllabus and unde...
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Useful Phrases for Problem Questions
Useful Phrases for Problem Questions
Here are some key phrases that can help your law essay stand out from others.This question deals with … The principal issue raised by this question … The main issue is whether … The issues to be considered are … The problem also raises the issue of …...
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Three Types of Law Essays
Types of Law Essays
A law essay is an academic paper written by a law student that explores and analyses legal issues, principles, and theories. Law essays generally fall into the following three categories:Legal Theory: This type of essay focuses on exploring why the l...
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What to Do and Avoid in Law Essays
What to Do and Avoid in Law Essays?
Do not use casual or informal language. Keeping it simple does not mean informality; your style should remain academic and not include slang, abbreviations or colloquialisms, unless they are direct, properly referenced quotes.Always use full sentence...
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How to Avoid Plagiarism in Open Book Exam Paraphrasing Technique
How to Avoid Plagiarism in Open Book Exams
Open book exams can be a trap for incautious students. The good thing about open book exams is that you can refer to anything you get hold of while taking the exam. However, this is also where problems lie. You should not copy reference materials ver...
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Golden Rules for Law Exams
Golden Rules for Law Exams
1. Prepare thoroughly. In particular, practise doing the past examination questions.2. Read the examination paper carefully. Choose the four questions that you want to answer, and make a rough allocation of time.3. Make rough notes on the answers to ...
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How to Apply Case Law in Law Exams?
How to Apply Case Law in Law Exams?
Don’t waste your time retelling the whole story or any part of it. You won’t get marks for doing this. You just need to state the principle or ruling of the case to support your point. Ideally, you should cite the whole case name, including...
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Wrong Way to Study Law
Wrong Way to Study Law
Your professors love to ask you to do all the readings and read all the cases. This is certainly the wrong way to study law. First, cases are very long and full of clumsy sentences badly written by judges who do not care about your understanding.Seco...
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How to Understand Law Essay Questions?
How to Understand Law Essay Questions?
The first step to a successful law essay is understanding the question. One of the most effective ways of breaking down the question is to identify the direction, content, and scope or limiting words.Critically analyse the extent to which the tort of...
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Common Law

Introduction to English Common Law
Introduction to English Common Law
Welcome to this course on Introduction to English Common Law. English common law is one of the most influential legal systems in the world, having shaped the legal systems of many other countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and N...
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Sources of EU Law
Sources of EU Law
The sources of EU law provide the legal framework for the functioning of the EU, ensuring that EU law is applied consistently and predictably across all member states. These sources of law include primary sources such as treaties, as well as secondar...
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Precedent
Advantages and Disadvantages of Precedent
Precedent is the practice of using previous court decisions as a guide for deciding current cases. This can be advantageous in several ways, but it also has some disadvantages. Here are some of the key advantages and disadvantages of using precedent:...
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AV Dicey and the Rule of Law
AV Dicey and the Rule of Law
A.V. Dicey was an influential legal scholar who played a key role in the development of the rule of law in England. The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic societies that holds that all individuals and institutions are subject to the...
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Human Rights and Terrorism
Human Rights and Terrorism
Human rights and terrorism are two complex and often controversial issues that are closely intertwined. While the protection of human rights is essential to safeguarding individual freedoms and ensuring justice and equality, terrorism poses a serious...
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Impact of EU Law on English Law before Brexit
Impact of EU Law on English Law before Brexit
The impact of EU law on English law before Brexit was significant, as the UK was a member of the EU and was bound by its laws and regulations. EU law was incorporated into English law through a range of mechanisms, including the European Communities ...
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Impact of ECHR on English Law
Impact of ECHR on English Law
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has a significant impact on English law, as it was incorporated into UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998. This meant that the rights and freedoms protected under the ECHR can be enforced in UK court...
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Brexit
Brexit
Brexit refers to the process by which the United Kingdom (UK) left the European Union (EU). The UK had been a member of the EU since 1973, but in 2016, a referendum was held in which a majority of UK voters chose to leave the EU. This decision trigge...
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European Citizens' Initiatives
European Citizens' Initiatives
European Citizens' Initiatives (ECIs) are a means by which European Union citizens can propose new laws or changes to existing EU laws. ECIs were introduced in 2012 as part of the Treaty of Lisbon, which aimed to increase citizen participation in EU ...
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EU Membership
EU Membership
EU membership refers to a country's status as a member of the European Union, a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. EU membership brings with it a range of benefits and obligations, including the ability to p...
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Reading Case Law
Reading Case Law
Reading case law, also known as legal cases or judicial decisions, is an important part of legal research and analysis. The following are some steps to help you effectively read and understand case law:Identify the key parties and facts: Begin by ide...
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Judicial Law Making
Judicial Law Making
In the UK, judicial law making refers to the process by which judges, through their decisions and interpretations of the law, create new legal principles and rules. This process is also known as common law or judge-made law.Under the common law syste...
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Secondary Legislation
Secondary Legislation
Secondary legislation, also known as delegated legislation, refers to the laws that are created by government agencies, ministers, or other bodies that have been given the authority to do so by the primary legislation. These laws are often used to fi...
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